Modified True/False
Indicate whether the statement is true or false. If false, change the identified word or phrase to make the statement true.
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1. |
Scientists use taxonomy to determine the evolutionary history of organisms. _________________________
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2. |
Taxonomy provides consistent ways to name organisms. _________________________
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3. |
Scientific names of organisms consist of two English terms. _________________________
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4. |
Two different organisms cannot have the same scientific name. _________________________
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5. |
Genus is the basic biological unit in the Linnaean system of classification. _________________________
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6. |
A genus is a taxonomic category that contains several families. _________________________
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7. |
Under the Linnaean system of classification, organisms are grouped on the basis of similarities in structure. _________________________
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8. |
Linnaeus devised eight levels of classification categories for living things. _________________________
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9. |
The least inclusive group to which an organism can be assigned is its kingdom. _________________________
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10. |
Kingdoms are subgroups of phyla. _________________________
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11. |
A species is a larger taxonomic group than a genus. _________________________
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12. |
Bird wings and insect wings are examples of analogous structures. _________________________
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13. |
Organisms that have similar traits but evolved independently are the result of convergent evolution. _________________________
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14. |
Cladistics is used to determine the sequence in which different groups of organisms evolved. _________________________
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15. |
In modern systematics, studies of the changes in the skeletons of vertebrates have helped researchers to estimate the time at which each species began to evolve. _________________________
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16. |
Comparing the sequence of DNA bases in the genes of several organisms is used to determine the order in which the organisms evolved. _________________________
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17. |
All organisms in the kingdom Animalia are multicellular heterotrophs whose cells lack cell walls. _________________________
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18. |
Archaea are eukaryotes that are characterized by several unique biochemical characteristics. _________________________
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19. |
Traditionally, bacteria have been classified on the basis of their shape, cell wall composition, and metabolism. _________________________
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20. |
Most organisms in the kingdoms Plantae and Animalia are multicellular. _________________________
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Multiple Choice
Identify the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question.
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21. |
Taxonomy is
a.
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the study of life. |
b.
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the science of naming and classifying organisms. |
c.
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the evolutionary history of a species. |
d.
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the sequence in which different groups evolved. |
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22. |
An advantage of our scientific naming system is that
a.
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common names mean the same in all countries. |
b.
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Latin names are easy to pronounce. |
c.
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biologists can communicate regardless of their native languages. |
d.
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organisms all have the same scientific name. |
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23. |
All scientific names of organisms must be
a.
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unique and have two Latin words. |
b.
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general and use the species name. |
c.
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different and repeat the phylum name. |
d.
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similar and include the common name. |
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24. |
Linnaeus’s two-word system for naming organisms is called
a.
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taxonomic evolution. |
c.
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Greek polynomials. |
b.
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Genus species. |
d.
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binomial nomenclature. |
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25. |
In the Linnaean system of classification, the level that identifies one unique organism is the
a.
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kingdom. |
c.
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genus. |
b.
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family. |
d.
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species. |
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26. |
The largest division that a group of organisms can belong to is a
a.
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domain. |
c.
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genus. |
b.
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class. |
d.
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kingdom. |
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27. |
Placement in each level of classification is based on
a.
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specific characteristics. |
c.
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shared characteristics. |
b.
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general characteristics. |
d.
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different characteristics. |
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28. |
Similar genera are grouped into a(n)
a.
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phylum. |
c.
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family. |
b.
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class. |
d.
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order. |
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29. |
Analogous structures
a.
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have a common size in organisms. |
b.
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perform the same function in organisms. |
c.
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have the same structure in organisms. |
d.
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evolve from a common ancestor. |
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30. |
Traditional systematics emphasizes the importance of
a.
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derived characteristics. |
c.
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similar characteristics. |
b.
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unique characteristics. |
d.
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compared characteristics. |
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31. |
Similar features that evolve through convergent evolution are called
a.
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analogous characters. |
c.
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environmental characters. |
b.
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homologous characters. |
d.
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genetic characters. |
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32. |
Convergent evolution produces analogous characters in different species as the result of
a.
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similar environments. |
c.
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sharing a common ancestor. |
b.
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different environments. |
d.
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shared derived characters. |
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33. |
A phylogenetic tree differs from a cladogram in that a phylogenetic tree
a.
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hypothesizes the time at which each group of organisms evolved. |
b.
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also indicates the new characteristics that evolved with each group of organisms |
c.
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only illustrates hypothesized relationships among groups of organisms. |
d.
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predicts the next group of organisms that is expected to evolve. |
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34. |
Studies of fossils of dinosaurs and birds show that
a.
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feathers may not be an important difference between dinosaurs and birds. |
b.
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dinosaurs can be considered to be modern descendents of birds. |
c.
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the anatomies of the dinosaurs and birds are unrelated. |
d.
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dinosaurs and birds share many analogous characters. |
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35. |
A model used by biologists to represent evolutionary history among species is called a
a.
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phylogram. |
c.
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histogram. |
b.
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cladogram. |
d.
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parallelogram. |
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36. |
Derived characters are traits
a.
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that are shared by all species. |
b.
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that originated in a common ancestor. |
c.
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found in closely related species. |
d.
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found in distantly related species. |
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37. |
During Linnaeus’ time, scientists divided all living organisms into
a.
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five phyla. |
c.
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three domains. |
b.
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four families. |
d.
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two kingdoms. |
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38. |
Sponges are animals that were once classified as
a.
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bacteria. |
c.
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plants. |
b.
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fungi. |
d.
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protists. |
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39. |
Which of the following characteristics was used to reclassify sponges?
a.
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body type |
c.
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cell walls |
b.
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cell type |
d.
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nutrition |
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40. |
The kingdoms Eubacteria and Archaebacteria were once grouped in a kingdom called
a.
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Protista. |
c.
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Monera. |
b.
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Animalia. |
d.
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Plantae. |
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41. |
Four of the kingdoms include eukaryotes and the other two include
a.
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plants. |
c.
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animals. |
b.
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fungi. |
d.
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prokaryotes. |
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42. |
Which of the following is not a characteristic used to differentiate kingdoms?
a.
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cell type |
c.
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nutrition |
b.
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root system |
d.
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body type |
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43. |
Protista is an example of a
a.
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kingdom. |
c.
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genus. |
b.
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class. |
d.
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species. |
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44. |
Which two kingdoms contain both unicellular and multicellular organisms?
a.
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Archaea and Animalia |
c.
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Animalia and Fungi |
b.
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Protists and Bacteria |
d.
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Protista and Fungi |
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45. |
One difference between plants and animals is that plants are
a.
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prokaryotic and animals are eukaryotic. |
b.
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eukaryotic and animals are prokaryotic. |
c.
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autotrophs and animals are heterotrophs. |
d.
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heterotrophs and animals are autotrophs. |
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Completion
Complete each statement.
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46. |
The current system used for naming organisms was developed by ____________________.
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47. |
The two-word system for naming organisms is called _________________________.
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48. |
The scientific name of an organism gives biologists a common way of ____________________ regardless of their native languages.
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49. |
All names assigned to organisms under the Linnaean system are in the ____________________ language.
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50. |
The unique two-word name for a species is its ____________________ name.
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51. |
All living things are grouped into one of three ____________________.
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52. |
There are ____________________ levels of classification in the modern classification system.
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53. |
A kingdom contains many ____________________.
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54. |
Classes with similar characteristics are assigned to a(n) ____________________.
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55. |
Each level of classification is based on ____________________ shared by all the organisms it contains.
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56. |
Homo habilis, Homo erectus, and Homo sapiens all belong to the same ____________________.
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57. |
Traditionally, scientists have used differences in appearance and ____________________ to classify organisms.
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58. |
Unlike cladistics, traditional systematics places more ____________________ on some traits than on others.
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59. |
Analogous structures are found in ____________________ taxa as a result of similar environmental conditions.
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60. |
The type of evolution that results in similar characteristics found in different organisms as the result of selection within similar environments is called ____________________ evolution.
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61. |
The evolutionary history of a species is called its ____________________.
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62. |
Shared derived characters are found in organisms that once shared a(n) ____________________ ancestor.
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63. |
A method of analysis that reconstructs phylogenies by inferring relationships based on shared characteristics is called ____________________.
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64. |
A model developed by systematists that uses shared derived characters to show the evolutionary history of different organisms is called a(n) ____________________.
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65. |
Cladistics is used to determine the ____________________ in which different groups of organisms evolved.
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66. |
Animals that appear early on a cladogram do not share as many of the same ____________________ traits as the animals that appear later on the cladogram.
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67. |
Modern systematic biologists use the ____________________ rate of DNA mutations like a “molecular clock.”
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68. |
Bacteria have strong exterior cell walls made of ____________________.
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69. |
An organism made of many cells that are permanently associated and that coordinate their activities is called a(n) ____________________ organism.
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70. |
Eukaryotes that are not fungi, plants, or animals are called ____________________.
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