Modified True/False
Indicate whether the statement is true or false. If false, change the identified word or phrase to make the statement true.
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1. |
Plants are multicellular prokaryotes. _________________________
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2. |
The plant life cycle includes a diploid gamete and a haploid spore. _________________________
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3. |
Mosses are most often found in dry environments. _________________________
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4. |
Mosses and liverworts lack a vascular system for transporting water and nutrients. _________________________
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5. |
Water must be present for fertilization to take place in mosses. _________________________
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6. |
In mosses and liverworts, eggs are formed through mitosis in the antheridia. _________________________
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7. |
Gametophytes of conifers are physically much larger than their sporophytes. _________________________
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8. |
One important difference between mosses and ferns is that mosses have a vascular system. _________________________
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9. |
Shoots, stems, and roots characterize the bodies of vascular plant sporophytes. _________________________
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10. |
Ferns are characterized by fronds and fiddleheads. _________________________
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11. |
Haploid fern spores are produced by gametophytes. _________________________
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12. |
In ferns, a large sporophyte with leaves called fronds alternates with a heart-shaped gametophyte. _________________________
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13. |
Ferns need water to reproduce because their sperm must swim to eggs. _________________________
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14. |
Both mosses and ferns require a thin film of water for gametes to meet. _________________________
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15. |
In both mosses and ferns, eggs are formed through mitosis in the antheridia. _________________________
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16. |
Gymnosperm seeds are enclosed in a fruit. _________________________
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17. |
Gametophytes of seed plants are large and easily viewed with the unaided eye. _________________________
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18. |
Sexual reproduction in seed plants involves the transfer of pollen from the male reproductive structures of a plant to the female reproductive structures. _________________________
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19. |
Seed plants cannot reproduce without a film of water for transferring of gametes. _________________________
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20. |
A seed is a structure that contains a plant embryo. _________________________
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21. |
A plant embryo is a new sporophyte. _________________________
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22. |
In flowering plants, the embryos of monocots have two cotyledons. _________________________
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23. |
Pollen is produced in the tip of the stamen, a structure called the sepal. _________________________
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24. |
The lower portion of the pistil produces pollen. _________________________
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25. |
Gametophytes develop within flowers. _________________________
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26. |
Pollen tubes grow through the style toward the ovule. _________________________
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27. |
Many seeds have appendages that aid in dispersal. _________________________
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28. |
Asexual reproduction produces new plants that are genetically different from the parent plant. _________________________
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29. |
Vegetative reproduction does require a plant to have flowers. _________________________
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30. |
In vegetative reproduction, new plants may be generated from stems or roots. _________________________
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Multiple Choice
Identify the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question.
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31. |
The ancestors of today’s land plants were probably
a.
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brown algae. |
c.
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green algae. |
b.
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red algae. |
d.
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lichens. |
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32. |
Among the challenges that faced early land plants were
a.
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eliminating excess water. |
b.
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obtaining sunlight for photosynthesis. |
c.
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absorbing minerals from the rocky surface. |
d.
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avoiding being eaten by grazing mammals. |
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33. |
The waxy protective covering of a land plant is called a
a.
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cuticle. |
c.
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rhizome. |
b.
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capsule. |
d.
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stoma. |
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34. |
Some land plants developed an internal system of interconnected tubes and vessels called
a.
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cuticles. |
c.
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a circulatory system. |
b.
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nonvascular canals. |
d.
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vascular tissue. |
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35. |
sporophytes : spores ::
a.
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sporophytes : gametophytes |
c.
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gametes : gametophytes |
b.
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gametophytes : gametes |
d.
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sporophytes : gametes |
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36. |
The diploid form in a plant’s life cycle is called the
a.
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sporophyte. |
c.
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parental generation. |
b.
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gametophyte. |
d.
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alternate generation. |
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37. |
The haploid form in a plant’s life cycle is called the
a.
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sporophyte. |
c.
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parental generation. |
b.
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gametophyte. |
d.
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alternate generation. |
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38. |
A haploid stage following a diploid stage in a plant’s life cycle is called
a.
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generational recycling. |
c.
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alternating forms. |
b.
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periodic gametogenesis. |
d.
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alternation of generations. |
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39. |
In plants, haploid gametes are produced as a result of
a.
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fertilization. |
c.
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encapsulation. |
b.
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meiosis. |
d.
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mitosis. |
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40. |
sporophytes : meiosis ::
a.
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sporophytes : spores |
c.
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gametophytes : gametes |
b.
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gametophytes : mitosis |
d.
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sporophytes : gametes |
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41. |
Mosses, hornworts, and liverworts all possess
a.
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fibrous roots. |
c.
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tap roots. |
b.
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spore capsules. |
d.
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green leaves. |
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42. |
In nonvascular plants, structures in which spores are produced are known as
a.
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meristems. |
c.
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cones. |
b.
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pollen grains. |
d.
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sporangia. |
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43. |
Which of the following statements about moss spores is not true?
a.
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They are produced by the sporophyte. |
b.
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They are dispersed and then germinate. |
c.
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They are produced in a capsule-like top. |
d.
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They are diploid. |
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44. |
The sporophyte generation in mosses produces spores by
a.
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meiosis. |
c.
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sexual reproduction. |
b.
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mitosis. |
d.
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asexual reproduction. |
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45. |
The most noticeable form of a moss life cycle is the
a.
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sporophyte. |
c.
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rhizoid. |
b.
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gametophyte. |
d.
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zygote. |
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46. |
In which of the following structures do seedless plants produce eggs?
a.
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antheridia |
c.
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archegonia |
b.
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capsules |
d.
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cones |
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47. |
antheridia : sperm ::
a.
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rhizoids : gametes |
c.
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archegonia : eggs |
b.
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seeds : gametophytes |
d.
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sperm : megaspores |
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48. |
Both mosses and ferns produce
a.
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seeds. |
c.
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flowers. |
b.
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fruit. |
d.
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spores. |
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49. |
Fern sporophytes consist of rhizomes,
a.
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large leaves, and flowers. |
c.
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pollen grains, and ovules. |
b.
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cones, and stems. |
d.
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roots, and fronds. |
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50. |
Unlike mosses, ferns possess
a.
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spore capsules. |
c.
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antheridia. |
b.
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archegonia. |
d.
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vascular tissue. |
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51. |
Fiddleheads are produced by
a.
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whisk ferns. |
c.
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ferns. |
b.
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club mosses. |
d.
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horsetails. |
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52. |
Both mosses and ferns produce gametes through
a.
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mitosis. |
c.
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osmosis. |
b.
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meiosis. |
d.
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diffusion. |
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53. |
vascular plants : sporophytes ::
a.
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sporophytic plants : gametophytes |
c.
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spores : gametes |
b.
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gametes : sporophytes |
d.
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nonvascular plants : gametophytes |
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The diagram below shows the plant life cycle.
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54. |
Refer to the diagram above. At which point in the life cycle does fertilization take place?
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55. |
Refer to the diagram above. The structures produced at 3 are called
a.
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sporangia. |
c.
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spores. |
b.
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archegonia. |
d.
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antheridia. |
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56. |
Which of the following were the first land plants to evolve seeds?
a.
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angiosperms |
c.
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mosses |
b.
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gymnosperms |
d.
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horsetails |
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57. |
liverworts, hornworts, and mosses : nonvascular plants ::
a.
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gymnosperms and angiosperms : bryophytes |
b.
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ferns : mosses |
c.
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gymnosperms and angiosperms : seed plants |
d.
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bryophytes and liverworts : vascular plants |
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58. |
gymnosperms : naked seeds ::
a.
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pollen : mosses |
c.
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liverwort : vascular tissue |
b.
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liverwort : pollen |
d.
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angiosperms : enclosed seeds |
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59. |
In seed plants, female gametophytes produce
a.
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sperm. |
c.
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cells. |
b.
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eggs. |
d.
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spores. |
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60. |
A male gametophyte of a seed plant develops into a
a.
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pollen grain. |
c.
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pollen tube. |
b.
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spore capsule. |
d.
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seed coat. |
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61. |
The partially developed plant found in seeds is known as a(n)
a.
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gametophyte. |
c.
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embryo. |
b.
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spore capsule. |
d.
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sporophyte. |
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62. |
A typical seed contains all of the following except a(n)
a.
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seed coat. |
c.
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embryo. |
b.
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nutritious tissue. |
d.
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spore case. |
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63. |
The tallest trees in the world are a species of
a.
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conifers. |
c.
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liverworts. |
b.
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dicots. |
d.
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angiosperms. |
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64. |
The process of transferring pollen from a male cone to a female cone in gymnosperms is called
a.
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fertilization. |
c.
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pollination. |
b.
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seed formation. |
d.
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asexual reproduction. |
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65. |
In conifers, the diploid condition is resumed following
a.
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pollination. |
c.
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respiration. |
b.
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fertilization. |
d.
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sporulation. |
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66. |
The seeds of monocots have
a.
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one embryo and two cotyledons. |
c.
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one embryo and one cotyledon. |
b.
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two embryos and two cotyledons. |
d.
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two embryos and one cotyledon. |
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67. |
Flowering plants are classified as monocots or dicots according to the number of their
a.
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leaves. |
c.
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meristems. |
b.
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flowers. |
d.
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cotyledons. |
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68. |
Monocots and dicots are subdivisions of
a.
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angiosperms. |
c.
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ferns. |
b.
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gymnosperms. |
d.
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mosses. |
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69. |
Refer to the diagram above. The structure labeled f
a.
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supports the anther. |
c.
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supports the pistil. |
b.
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produces pollen. |
d.
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develops into a fruit. |
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70. |
Refer to the diagram above. The structure labeled c
a.
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produces pollen. |
b.
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contains sperm cells. |
c.
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is the area where pollen lands and sticks. |
d.
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contains meristematic tissue. |
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71. |
Removing a flower’s stigma would initially affect
a.
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fertilization. |
c.
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pollination. |
b.
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seed production. |
d.
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seed dispersal. |
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72. |
Pollen is produced in a structure called the
a.
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anther. |
c.
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ovary. |
b.
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stigma. |
d.
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pistil. |
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73. |
In angiosperms, immediately following pollination,
a.
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the seed develops. |
c.
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fertilization occurs. |
b.
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an egg cell is formed. |
d.
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the pollen tube begins to form. |
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74. |
During fertilization in flowering plants, one sperm fuses with an egg to form an embryo, and another fuses with two nuclei to form nutritive tissue. This event is called
a.
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self-pollination. |
c.
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maximization. |
b.
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adaptation. |
d.
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double fertilization. |
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75. |
fruit : mature ovary
a.
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gametophyte : sporophyte |
c.
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cotyledon : food reserve |
b.
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gymnosperm : angiosperm |
d.
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vascular plant : nonvascular plant |
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76. |
If a plant’s flowers are very colorful and produce nectar, the plant is probably pollinated by
a.
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water. |
c.
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insects. |
b.
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wind. |
d.
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self-pollination. |
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77. |
One way that flowers produced by angiosperms help ensure the transfer of gametes is by
a.
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traveling in the air currents. |
b.
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bursting open and projecting gametes onto the landscape. |
c.
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attracting animals that carry pollen from one flower to another. |
d.
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producing tasty fruits that animals depend on for food. |
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78. |
What function do all fruits produced by angiosperms perform?
a.
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produce nutrients for the plant |
b.
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nourish the embryos |
c.
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disperse the seeds |
d.
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ensure pollination |
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79. |
Which structure allows plants to reproduce asexually?
a.
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tuber |
c.
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archegonium |
b.
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flower |
d.
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antheridium |
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80. |
The production of offspring genetically identical to the parent plant is the result of
a.
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sexual reproduction. |
c.
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alternation of generations. |
b.
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asexual reproduction. |
d.
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double fertilization. |
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Completion
Complete each statement.
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81. |
The surface of a vascular plant is covered by a waxy, waterproof layer called a(n) ____________________.
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82. |
One of the first environmental challenges that early land plants had to overcome was developing a way to conserve ____________________.
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83. |
The sporophyte generation produces spores by the process of ____________________.
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84. |
The haploid form of a plant is known as the ____________________ generation.
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85. |
Nonvascular plants transport materials within their bodies through the process of ____________________.
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86. |
A green, hornlike sporophyte growing upward from the gametophyte is typical of plants known as ____________________.
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87. |
In mosses and liverworts, the ____________________ generation is the dominant generation.
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88. |
The very tiny liverwort ____________________ grow from the archegonia under the caps of female stalks.
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89. |
The gametophytes of ____________________ plants are larger and more noticeable than the sporophytes.
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90. |
The seedless plants produce sperm within the ____________________.
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91. |
True roots, stems, and leaves are associated with ____________________ plants.
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92. |
A fern is an example of a(n) ____________________ vascular plant.
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93. |
Both mosses and ferns produce eggs within structures called ____________________.
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94. |
Like the nonvascular plants, the seedless vascular plants can reproduce sexually only when a film of ____________________ covers the gametophyte.
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95. |
Unlike mosses, ferns have sporophytes that are much ____________________ than their gametophytes.
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96. |
Seed plants whose seeds do not develop within a sealed container (fruit) are called ____________________.
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97. |
Fruit is a characteristic associated only with the flowering plants, or ____________________.
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98. |
A male gametophyte of a seed plant develops into a(n) ____________________.
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99. |
The ____________________ is the protective cover that surrounds a seed.
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100. |
The seed coat prevents the embryo from drying out, from mechanical injury, and from ____________________.
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101. |
A(n) ____________________ is a specialized structure that develops from an ovule and serves to protect a plant embryo from harsh conditions.
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102. |
The four major groups of gymnosperms are gnetophytes, cycads, ginkgoes, and ____________________.
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103. |
A mature pine tree produces both male and female ____________________.
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104. |
Gymnosperms are pollinated by ____________________, which makes sexual reproduction possible even during dry conditions.
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105. |
The life cycle of a conifer is characterized by a large ____________________ generation.
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106. |
In conifers, seeds form on the ____________________ of cones.
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107. |
A plant that has flower parts that occur in fours or fives or multiples of four or five is a member of a subgroup called a(n) ____________________.
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108. |
Refer to the diagram above. The structure labeled f is called the ____________________.
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109. |
Refer to the diagram above. The structure labeled b is called the ____________________.
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110. |
Refer to the diagram above. A flower like this one has all four basic flower parts and thus is an example of a(n) ____________________ flower.
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111. |
The transfer of pollen grains from an anther to a stigma is known as ____________________.
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112. |
In angiosperms, seeds develop from the ____________________ inside a(n) ____________________ after an egg has been fertilized.
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113. |
The event in which one sperm fertilizes an egg and a second sperm fuses with two nuclei is called _________________________.
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114. |
A flower is a(n) ____________________ structure that produces pollen and seeds.
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115. |
Flowers are a source of ____________________ for pollinators.
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116. |
The seeds of angiosperms are enclosed in ____________________.
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117. |
Because flowering plants are rooted in the ground and cannot move from place to place, they must disperse their ____________________ so that their offspring can grow in new environments.
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118. |
Many fruits are spread by ____________________ that are attracted to sweet, fleshy fruits, which they use for food.
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119. |
Many of the structures by which plants reproduce vegetatively are modified ____________________.
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120. |
Bulbs, stolons, and tubers are examples of modified stems that allow plants to reproduce ____________________.
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