| The Chemical Basis of Life Elements, Atoms, And Molecules | Chemical Bonds Elements, Atoms, And Molecules | Periodic Table.swf Elements, Atoms, And Molecules | Elements Song 2.1 Living organisms are composed of about 25 chemical elements | The Structure of Atoms 2.4 Atoms consist of protons, neutrons, and electrons | Atomic Symbols, Atomic Numbers, and Mass Numbers 2.4 Atoms consist of protons, neutrons, and electrons |
| Electron Arrangement 2.4 Atoms consist of protons, neutrons, and electrons | Electron Configurations 2.6 Electron arrangement determines the chemical properties of an atom | Atomic Structure and Ionic Bonding 2.6 Electron arrangement determines the chemical properties of an atom | Ionic Bonds 1 2.7 Ionic bonds are attractions between ions of opposite charge | Ionic Bonds 2 2.7 Ionic bonds are attractions between ions of opposite charge | Covalent Bonds 1 2.8 Covalent bonds join atoms into molecules through electron sharing |
| Covalent Bonds 2 2.8 Covalent bonds join atoms into molecules through electron sharing | Hydrogen Bonding Attractive Force 2.10 Hydrogen bonds are weak bonds important in the chemistry of life | A Closer Look at Water 2.10 Hydrogen bonds are weak bonds important in the chemistry of life | Structure of Water 2.10 Hydrogen bonds are weak bonds important in the chemistry of life | Water and Life Water’s Life-Supporting Properties | A Quick Look at How Ionic Compounds Dissolve 2.14 Water is the solvent of life |
| Molecular View of Solution Formation 2.14 Water is the solvent of life | Salt Dissolving in Water 2.14 Water is the solvent of life | Proton Exchange Between Water Molecules 2.15 The chemistry of life is sensitive to acidic and basic conditions | Water & pH 2.15 The chemistry of life is sensitive to acidic and basic conditions | Organic Molecules Introduction To Organic Compounds | Carbon Skeletons 3.1 Life’s molecular diversity is based on the properties of carbon |
| Isomers 3.1 Life’s molecular diversity is based on the properties of carbon | Functional Groups 1 3.2 Functional groups help determine the properties of organic compounds | Functional Groups 2 3.2 Functional groups help determine the properties of organic compounds | Macromolecules 1 Introduction To Organic Compounds | Macromolecules 2 Introduction To Organic Compounds | Biomolecules The Carbohydrates Introduction To Organic Compounds |
| Polymers 3.3 Cells make a huge number of large molecules from a small set of small molecules | Glucose Cyclization 3.4 Monosaccharides are the simplest carbohydrates | Disaccharides 3.5 Cells link two single sugars to form disaccharides | Polysaccharides 3.7 Polysaccharides are long chains of sugar units | Biomolecules – The Lipids 3.8 Fats are lipids that are mostly energy-storage molecules | Fats 3.8 Fats are lipids that are mostly energy-storage molecules |
| Amino Acid & Protein Structure Proteins | Peptide Bond Formation 3.12 Proteins are made from amino acids linked by peptide bonds | Protein Denaturation 3.13 A protein’s specific shape determines its function | Protein Denaturation 3.13 A protein’s specific shape determines its function | Heat Changes Protein Structure: Frying an Egg 3.13 A protein’s specific shape determines its function | Life Cycle of a Protein 3.13 A protein’s specific shape determines its function |
| Protein Structure Intro 3.14 A protein’s shape depends on four levels of structure | Protein Primary Structure 3.14 A protein’s shape depends on four levels of structure | Protein Secondary Structure 3.14 A protein’s shape depends on four levels of structure | Protein Tertiary Structure 3.14 A protein’s shape depends on four levels of structure | Protein Quarternary Structure 3.14 A protein’s shape depends on four levels of structure | Structure of Proteins 3.14 A protein’s shape depends on four levels of structure |
| Protein Folding Interactive 3.14 A protein’s shape depends on four levels of structure/ | |||||
| Energy Concepts 5.1 Energy is the capacity to perform work | Enzymes and Metabolism Energy And The Cell; How Enzymes Function | How Enzymes Work 1 Energy And The Cell; How Enzymes Function | Enzyme Catalysis 1 How Enzymes Function | Enzyme-Substrate Interaction How Enzymes Function | The Purification of Hemoglobin How Enzymes Function |
How Enzymes Work 2 | Enzyme Action and the Hydrolysis of Sucrose | Allosteric Regulation of Enzymes 5.7 The cellular environment affects enzyme activity | A Biochemical Pathway 5.7 The cellular environment affects enzyme activity | Enzyme Catalysis 2 5.8 Enzyme inhibitors block enzyme action | Feedback Inhibition of Biochemical Pathways 5.8 Enzyme inhibitors block enzyme action |
| Membranes and Transport Membrane Structure And Function | Cell Membrane Membrane Structure And Function | Cellular Transport Membrane Structure And Function | Biological Membranes Membrane Structure And Function | Membrane Transport Membrane Structure And Function | Membrane Selectivity 5.10 Membranes organize the chemical activities of cells |
| Cell Membrane Composition 5.11 Membrane phospholipids form a bilayer | Diffusion 5.14 Passive transport is diffusion across a membrane | How Diffusion Works 5.14 Passive transport is diffusion across a membrane
| Passive Transport 5.14 Passive transport is diffusion across a membrane | How Facilitated Diffusion Works 5.15 Transport proteins may facilitate diffusion across membranes | How Osmosis Works 5.16 Osmosis is the diffusion of water across a membrane |
| Osmosis 1 5.16 Osmosis is the diffusion of water across a membrane | Osmosis 2 5.16 Osmosis is the diffusion of water across a membrane | Plasmolysis 5.17 Water balance between cells and their surroundings is crucial to organisms | Active Transport 1 5.18 Cells expend energy for active transport | Active Transport 2 5.18 Cells expend energy for active transport | Active Transport: The Sodium-Potassium Pump 5.18 Cells expend energy for active transport |
| Active Transport by Group Translocation 5.18 Cells expend energy for active transport | Active Transport by Group Translocation 5.18 Cells expend energy for active transport | Antiport 5.18 Cells expend energy for active transport | ATPase 5.18 Cells expend energy for active transport | ATP-ADP Exchange 5.18 Cells expend energy for active transport | Cotransport (Symport & Antiport) 5.18 Cells expend energy for active transport |
| Glucose Transporter 5.18 Cells expend energy for active transport | How the Sodium Potassium Pump Works 5.18 Cells expend energy for active transport | Lactose Permease 5.18 Cells expend energy for active transport | Proton Pump 1 5.18 Cells expend energy for active transport | Proton Pump 2 5.18 Cells expend energy for active transport | Receptors Linked to a Channel Protein 5.18 Cells expend energy for active transport |
| Receptors Linked to a Channel Protein 5.18 Cells expend energy for active transport | Secondary Active Transport 5.18 Cells expend energy for active transport | Sodium-Potassium Exchange Pump 5.18 Cells expend energy for active transport | Symport 5.18 Cells expend energy for active transport | Uniport 5.18 Cells expend energy for active transport | Voltage-Gated Channels & the Action Potential 5.18 Cells expend energy for active transport |
| Endocytosis & Exocytosis 5.19 Exocytosis and endocytosis transport large molecules | Exocytosis 5.19 Exocytosis and endocytosis transport large molecules | Food Vacuoles Handle Digestion & Excretion 5.19 Exocytosis and endocytosis transport large molecules | Intro to Exocytosis and Endocytosis 5.19 Exocytosis and endocytosis transport large molecules | Phagocytosis 1 5.19 Exocytosis and endocytosis transport large molecules | Phagocytosis 2 5.19 Exocytosis and endocytosis transport large molecules |
| Pinocytosis 5.19 Exocytosis and endocytosis transport large molecules | Receptor-Mediated Endocytosis 5.19 Exocytosis and endocytosis transport large molecules | Biology & Biologists The Scope Of Biology | The Biological Hierarchy 1.1 Life’s levels of organization define the scope of biology | Shared Characteristic of Life 1.4 The unity of life: All forms of life have common features | Negative Feedback System 1.4 The unity of life: All forms of life have common features |
| Positive Feedback System 1.4 The unity of life: All forms of life have common features | Classification Schemes of Living Things 1.5 The diversity of life can be arranged into three domains | The Scientific Method 1 1.8 With hypothesis-based science, we pose and test hypotheses | The Scientific Method 2 1.8 With hypothesis-based science, we pose and test hypotheses | Model Organisms 1.9 Biology is connected to our lives in many ways | |
| Cells: The Basics Introduction To The Cell | Cellular Organization Introduction To The Cell | More About Cells Chapter 4: A Tour of Cells | Cell Size & Scale 4.2 Most cells are microscopic Cell Size | Cell Structure and Function 4.4 Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartments | Plant Cells 4.4 Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartments |
| Protein Secretion 4.6 Overview: Many cell organelles are connected through the endomembrane system | Endomembrane System 4.6 Overview: Many cell organelles are connected through the endomembrane system | Vesicular Budding and Fusing 4.6 Overview: Many cell organelles are connected through the endomembrane system | The Endoplasmic Reticulum & Golgi Apparatus 4.6 Overview: Many cell organelles are connected through the endomembrane system | Vesicular Maturation Model Animation 4.9 The Golgi apparatus finishes, sorts, and ships cell products | Golgi Apparatus 4.9 The Golgi apparatus finishes, sorts, and ships cell products |
| Cisternae Maturation Model Animation 4.9 The Golgi apparatus finishes, sorts, and ships cell products | Lysosomes 4.10 Lysosomes are digestive compartments within a cell | Lysosome Formation 4.10 Lysosomes are digestive compartments within a cell | Cytoplasmic Streaming The Cytoskeleton And Related Structures | Cilia and Flagella 4.17 Cilia and flagella move when microtubules bend | Flagella & Cilia Movement 4.17 Cilia and flagella move when microtubules bend |
| Flagella & Cilia Movement 4.17 Cilia and flagella move when microtubules bend | Cell Junctions Cell Surfaces And Junctions | Tight Junctions 4.18 Cell surfaces protect, support, and join cells | Desmosomes 4.18 Cell surfaces protect, support, and join cells | Gap Junction 4.18 Cell surfaces protect, support, and join cells
| |
METABOLISM | |||||
| An Overview of Metabolism Introduction To Cellular Respiration | How the NAD+ Works 6.5 Cells tap energy from electrons “falling” from organic fuels to oxygen | Cellular Respiration Introduction To Cellular Respiration | Glycolysis 1 Stages Of Cellular Respiration And Fermentation | Cellular Respiration Overview 6.6 Overview: Cellular respiration occurs in three main stages | How Glycolysis Works 6.7 Glycolysis harvests chemical energy by oxidizing glucose to pyruvate |
| Glycolysis 2 6.7 Glycolysis harvests chemical energy by oxidizing glucose to pyruvate | Glycolysis 3 6.7 Glycolysis harvests chemical energy by oxidizing glucose to pyruvate | Glycolysis 4 6.7 Glycolysis harvests chemical energy by oxidizing glucose to pyruvate | The TCA Cycle Stages Of Cellular Respiration And Fermentation | Citric Acid Cycle 6.8 Pyruvate is chemically groomed for the citric acid cycle | Krebs Citric Acid Cycle 6.8 Pyruvate is chemically groomed for the citric acid cycle |
| How the Krebs Cycle Works 6.8 Pyruvate is chemically groomed for the citric acid cycle | Tricarboxylic Acid Cycle (Citric Acid Cycle) 6.8 Pyruvate is chemically groomed for the citric acid cycle | ATP Synthesis 6.10 Most ATP production occurs by oxidative phosphorylation | Electron Transport Chain 1 6.10 Most ATP production occurs by oxidative phosphorylation | Electron Transport Chain 2 6.10 Most ATP production occurs by oxidative phosphorylation | Electron Transport: Aerobic and Anaerobic Conditions 6.10 Most ATP production occurs by oxidative phosphorylation |
| Electron Transport, ATP Synthesis, and Chemiosmosis 6.10 Most ATP production occurs by oxidative phosphorylation | Electron Transport System & ATP Synthesis 6.10 Most ATP production occurs by oxidative phosphorylation | Electron Transport and ATP Synthesis 6.10 Most ATP production occurs by oxidative phosphorylation | Electron Transport System and Formation of ATP 6.10 Most ATP production occurs by oxidative phosphorylation | Mitochondria/Electron Transport 6.10 Most ATP production occurs by oxidative phosphorylation | Mitochondrial Electron Transport 6.10 Most ATP production occurs by oxidative phosphorylation |
| Two Experiments Demonstrate the Chemiosmotic Mechanism 6.10 Most ATP production occurs by oxidative phosphorylation | Fermentation Overview 6.13 Fermentation is an anaerobic alternative to cellular respiration | Introduction to Photosynthesis Chapter 7: Photosynthesis: Using Light to Make Food | Photosynthesis An Overview Of Photosynthesis | The Light Reactions The Light Reactions: Converting Solar Energy To Chemical Energy | Light and Pigments 7.6 Visible radiation drives the light reactions |
| Cyclic & Noncyclic Photophosphoylation 7.7 Photosystems capture solar power | Photosynthetic Electron Transport & ATP Synthesis 7.7 Photosystems capture solar power | Light Reactions 7.7 Photosystems capture solar power | Light Reactions in Photosynthesis 7.7 Photosystems capture solar power | Photosynthesis Light Reactions 7.8 In the light reactions, electron transport chains generate ATP and NADPH | Photosynthetic Electron Transport 7.8 In the light reactions, electron transport chains generate ATP and NADPH |
| The Source of the Oxygen Produced by Photosynthesis 7.8 In the light reactions, electron transport chains generate ATP and NADPH | Photophosphorylation 7.9 Chemiosmosis powers ATP synthesis in the light reactions | Calvin Cycle The Calvin Cycle: Converting CO2 To Sugars | The Calvin-Benson Cycle 7.10 ATP and NADPH power sugar synthesis in the Calvin cycle | Carbon Fixation in Photosynthesis 7.10 ATP and NADPH power sugar synthesis in the Calvin cycle | Dark Reactions/Calvin Cycle 7.10 ATP and NADPH power sugar synthesis in the Calvin cycle |
| How the Calvin Cycle Works 7.10 ATP and NADPH power sugar synthesis in the Calvin cycle | Tracing the Pathway of CO2 7.10 ATP and NADPH power sugar synthesis in the Calvin cycle | Cell Division 2 The Eukaryotic Cell Cycle And Mitosis | |||
| Cell Division 1 Connections Between Cell Division And Reproduction | The Cell Cycle & Mitosis #1 The Eukaryotic Cell Cycle And Mitosis | How the Cell Cycle Works The Eukaryotic Cell Cycle And Mitosis | Mitosis = Detailed All Stages The Eukaryotic Cell Cycle And Mitosis | Cell Cycle and Mitosis #2 8.5 The cell cycle multiplies cells – Cell Cycle and Mitosis | Mitosis Overview 8.5 The cell cycle multiplies cells |
| Animated Mitosis 8.6 Cell division is a continuum of dynamic changes | Mitosis 2 8.6 Cell division is a continuum of dynamic changes | Mitosis 1 8.6 Cell division is a continuum of dynamic changes | Mitosis & Cytokinesis 8.6 Cell division is a continuum of dynamic changes | Cytokinesis 1 8.7 Cytokinesis differs for plant and animal cells | Cytokinesis 2 8.7 Cytokinesis differs for plant and animal cells |
| Cell Proliferation Signaling Pathway 8.9 Growth factors signal the cell cycle control system | Control of the Cell Cycle 8.9 Growth factors signal the cell cycle control system | The Function of Cohesion 8.9 Growth factors signal the cell cycle control system | How Tumor Suppressor Genes Block Cell Division 8.9 Growth factors signal the cell cycle control system | Stimulation of Cell Replication 8.9 Growth factors signal the cell cycle control system | Comparison of Mitosis & Meiosis The Eukaryotic Cell Cycle And Mitosis |
| Mitosis and Meiosis The Eukaryotic Cell Cycle And Mitosis | How Meiosis Works Meiosis and Crossing Over | Sexual Life Cycle & Meiosis Meiosis and Crossing Over | Meiosis Overview 8.14 Meiosis reduces the chromosome number from diploid to haploid | Meiosis I 8.14 Meiosis reduces the chromosome number from diploid to haploid | Meiosis 1 8.14 Meiosis reduces the chromosome number from diploid to haploid |
| Meiosis II 8.14 Meiosis reduces the chromosome number from diploid to haploid | Meiosis 3 8.14 Meiosis reduces the chromosome number from diploid to haploid | Meiosis 2 8.14 Meiosis reduces the chromosome number from diploid to haploid | Stages of Meiosis 8.14 Meiosis reduces the chromosome number from diploid to haploid | Independent Assortment and Gamete Diversity 8.16 Independent orientation of chromosomes in meiosis and random fertilization lead to varied offspring | Random Orientation of Chromosomes During Meiosis 8.16 Independent orientation of chromosomes in meiosis and random fertilization lead to varied offspring |
| Genetic Variation 8.16 Independent orientation of chromosomes in meiosis and random fertilization lead to varied offspring | Genetic Variation in Meiosis 8.16 Independent orientation of chromosomes in meiosis and random fertilization lead to varied offspring | Unique Features of Meiosis 8.16 Independent orientation of chromosomes in meiosis and random fertilization lead to varied offspring | Crossing Over 8.18 Crossing over further increases genetic variability | Crossing Over 8.18 Crossing over further increases genetic variability | Meiosis with Crossing Over 8.18 Crossing over further increases genetic variability |
| Mistakes in Meiosis Alterations Of Chromosome Number And Structure | The Consequence of Inversion 8.23 Alterations of chromosome structure can cause birth defects and cancer | ||||
| Genes & Chromosomes Chapter 9: Patterns of Inheritance | Mendel’s Experiments Mendel’s Laws | The Mendelian Model of Inheritance Mendel’s Laws | Independent Assortment of Alleles 9.5 The law of independent assortment is revealed by tracking two characteristics at once | Inheritance of Several Diseases Based on Genetic Mechanisms 9.9 Many inherited disorders in humans are controlled by a single gene | Alleles That Do Not Sort Independently 9.11 The relationship of genotype to phenotype is rarely simple |
| Virtual Fly Lab The Chromosomal Basis of Inheritance | |||||
| DNA Replication 5 Chapter 10: Molecular Biology of the Gene
| DNA Discovery & Structure The Structure of the Genetic Material
| Hershey-Chase Experiment 10.1 Experiments showed that DNA is the genetic material
| Hershey & Chase Experiment 10.1 Experiments showed that DNA is the genetic material
| Phage T2 Replication 10.1 Experiments showed that DNA is the genetic material
| Steps in the Replication of T4 Phage in E. Coli 10.1 Experiments showed that DNA is the genetic material
|
| Virus 10.1 Experiments showed that DNA is the genetic material | From Cell to DNA 10.2 DNA and RNA are polymers of nucleotides | DNA & RNA Structure 10.2 DNA and RNA are polymers of nucleotides | DNA Anatomy 10.2 DNA and RNA are polymers of nucleotides | DNA Double Helix 10.3 DNA is a double-stranded helix | DNA Structure 10.3 DNA is a double-stranded helix |
| DNA Replication 6 DNA Replication | DNA Replication Overview DNA Replication | Overview of Replication DNA Replication | Meselson & Stahl Experiment 10.4 DNA replication depends on specific base pairing | The Meselson-Stahl Experiment 10.4 DNA replication depends on specific base pairing | Prokaryotic DNA Replication 10.4 DNA replication depends on specific base pairing |
| Structural Basis of DNA Replication 10.4 DNA replication depends on specific base pairing | DNA Replication (E. coli) 10.5 DNA replication: A closer look | Bidirectional Replication of DNA 1 10.5 DNA replication: A closer look | Bidirectional Replication of DNA 2 10.5 DNA replication: A closer look | DNA Replication 1 10.5 DNA replication: A closer look | DNA Replication 2 10.5 DNA replication: A closer look |
| DNA Replication 3 10.5 DNA replication: A closer look | DNA Replication 4 10.5 DNA replication: A closer look | Origins of Replication 10.5 DNA replication: A closer look | DNA Replication Fork 1 10.5 DNA replication: A closer look | DNA Replication Fork 2 10.5 DNA replication: A closer look | Coordination of Leading and Lagging Strand Synthesis |
| How Nucleotides are Added in DNA Replication 10.5 DNA replication: A closer look | Leading Strand 10.5 DNA replication: A closer look | Lagging Strand 10.5 DNA replication: A closer look | Nucleotide Polymerization by DNA Polymerase 10.5 DNA replication: A closer look | Proofreading Function of DNA Polymerase 10.5 DNA replication: A closer look | Telomerase Function 10.5 DNA replication: A closer look |
| Direct Repair 10.5 DNA replication: A closer look | Methyl-directed Mismatch Repair 10.5 DNA replication: A closer look | Nucleotide Excision Repair 10.5 DNA replication: A closer look | DNA Replication Review DNA Replication | Overview of Eukaryotic Gene Expression The Flow of Genetic Information From DNA to RNA to Protein | Simple Gene Expression The Flow of Genetic Information From DNA to RNA to Protein |
| The Transcription of DNA to RNA The Flow of Genetic Information From DNA to RNA to Protein | Processing of Gene Information – Prokaryotes versus Eukaryotes 10.6 The DNA genotype is expressed as proteins, which provide the molecular basis for phenotypic traits | Deciphering the Genetic Code 10.7 Genetic information written in codons is translated into amino acid sequences | DNA Transcription 1 10.9 Transcription produces genetic messages in the form of RNA | DNA Transcription 2 10.9 Transcription produces genetic messages in the form of RNA | mRNA Synthesis (Transcription) 10.9 Transcription produces genetic messages in the form of RNA |
| Stages of Transcription 10.9 Transcription produces genetic messages in the form of RNA | Transcription 2 10.9 Transcription produces genetic messages in the form of RNA | Transcription 3 10.9 Transcription produces genetic messages in the form of RNA | Overview of mRNA Processing 10.10 Eukaryotic RNA is processed before leaving the nucleus | RNA Splicing 1 10.10 Eukaryotic RNA is processed before leaving the nucleus | RNA Translation The Flow of Genetic Information From DNA to RNA to Protein |
| Translation 1 The Flow of Genetic Information From DNA to RNA to Protein | Translation 2 The Flow of Genetic Information From DNA to RNA to Protein | How Spliceosomes Process RNA 10.10 Eukaryotic RNA is processed before leaving the nucleus | Polyribosomes 10.12 Ribosomes build polypeptides | Polyribosomes 10.12 Ribosomes build polypeptides | Protein Synthesis 1 The Flow of Genetic Information From DNA to RNA to Protein |
| Translation Initiation 10.13 An initiation codon marks the start of an mRNA message | How Translation Works 10.14 Elongation adds amino acids to the polypeptide chain until a stop codon terminates translation | Protein Synthesis 2 10.14 Elongation adds amino acids to the polypeptide chain until a stop codon terminates translation | Translation Elongation 10.14 Elongation adds amino acids to the polypeptide chain until a stop codon terminates translation | Translation: Protein Synthesis 10.14 Elongation adds amino acids to the polypeptide chain until a stop codon terminates translation | Translation Termination 10.14 Elongation adds amino acids to the polypeptide chain until a stop codon terminates translation |
| Aminoacyl tRNA Synthetase 10.14 Elongation adds amino acids to the polypeptide chain until a stop codon terminates translation | Protein Synthesis: At the Ribosome 10.15 Review: The flow of genetic information in the cell is DNA → RNA → protein | Protein Synthesis 3 10.15 Review: The flow of genetic information in the cell is DNA → RNA → protein | Addition and Deletion Mutations 10.16 Mutations can change the meaning of genes | Changes in Chromosome Structure 10.16 Mutations can change the meaning of genes | Mutation by Base Substitution 10.16 Mutations can change the meaning of genes |
| Slipped-strand Mispairing 10.16 Mutations can change the meaning of genes | Thymine Dimers 10.16 Mutations can change the meaning of genes | Viral & Bacterial Genomes Microbial Genetics | Simple Viral Reproduction 10.17 Viral DNA may become part of the host chromosome | Viral Infection 10.17 Viral DNA may become part of the host chromosome | Lytic Cycle 10.17 Viral DNA may become part of the host chromosome |
| The Lytic Cycle 10.17 Viral DNA may become part of the host chromosome | Life Cycle of T2 Phage 10.17 Viral DNA may become part of the host chromosome | Lysogeny 10.17 Viral DNA may become part of the host chromosome | Lysogenic Cycle 10.17 Viral DNA may become part of the host chromosome | Entry of Virus into Host Cell 10.18 Many viruses cause disease in animals | Mechanism for Releasing Enveloped Viruses 10.18 Many viruses cause disease in animals |
| How Prions Arise 10.20 Emerging viruses threaten human health | Prion Diseases 10.20 Emerging viruses threaten human health | HIV Replication 10.21 The AIDS virus makes DNA on an RNA template | How the HIV Infection Cycle Works 10.21 The AIDS virus makes DNA on an RNA template | Replication Cycle of a Retrovirus 10.21 The AIDS virus makes DNA on an RNA template | Treatment of HIV 10.21 The AIDS virus makes DNA on an RNA template |
| Integration and Excision of a Plasmid 10.22 Bacteria can transfer DNA in three ways | Bacterial Transformation 1 10.22 Bacteria can transfer DNA in three ways | Bacterial Transformation 2 10.22 Bacteria can transfer DNA in three ways | DNA Transformation 1 10.22 Bacteria can transfer DNA in three ways | DNA Transformation 2 10.22 Bacteria can transfer DNA in three ways | Bacterial Conjugation 10.23 Bacterial plasmids can serve as carriers for gene transfer
|
| Bacterial Conjugation – Transfer of a Plasmid 10.23 Bacterial plasmids can serve as carriers for gene transfer | Mechanisms of Transposition | Transposons: Shifting Segments of the Genome | |||
DNA TECHNOLOGY | |||||
| Principles of Biotechnology Chapter 12: DNA Technology & Genomics | Early Genetic Engineering Experiment 12.1 Plasmids are used to customize bacteria: An overview | Construction of a Plasmid Vector 12.2 Enzymes are used to “cut and paste” DNA | DNA Restriction 12.2 Enzymes are used to “cut and paste” DNA | Restriction Endonucleases 12.2 Enzymes are used to “cut and paste” DNA | Restriction Enzymes 12.2 Enzymes are used to “cut and paste” DNA |
| Plasmid Cloning 12.3 Genes can be cloned in recombinant plasmids: A closer look | Construction of a DNA Library 12.4 Cloned genes can be stored in genomic libraries | Steps in Cloning a Gene 1 12.4 Cloned genes can be stored in genomic libraries | Steps in Cloning a Gene 2 12.4 Cloned genes can be stored in genomic libraries | cDNA 12.5 Reverse transcriptase helps make genes for cloning | DNA Testing by Allele-Specific Cleavage 12.7 DNA technology is changing the pharmaceutical industry and medicine |
| DNA Probe (DNA hybridization) 12.8 Nucleic acid probes identify clones carrying specific genes | FISH 12.8 Nucleic acid probes identify clones carrying specific genes | DNA Arrays 12.9 DNA microarrays test for the expression of many genes at once | DNA Chip Technology 12.9 DNA microarrays test for the expression of many genes at once | GeneChips® 12.9 DNA microarrays test for the expression of many genes at once0 | Microarray 12.9 DNA microarrays test for the expression of many genes at once |
| Electrophoresis 12.10 Gel electrophoresis sorts DNA molecules by size | Gel Electrophoresis 1 12.10 Gel electrophoresis sorts DNA molecules by size | Gel Electrophoresis 2 12.10 Gel electrophoresis sorts DNA molecules by size | DNA Fingerprinting 12.12 DNA technology is used in courts of law | Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphisms 12.12 DNA technology is used in courts of law | Southern Blot 12.12 DNA technology is used in courts of law |
| How Embryonic Stem Cell Lines are Made 12.13 Gene therapy may someday help treat a variety of diseases | Human Embryonic Stem Cells 1 12.13 Gene therapy may someday help treat a variety of diseases | Human Embryonic Stem Cells 2 12.13 Gene therapy may someday help treat a variety of diseases | The Potential Use of Embryonic Stem Cells in Medicine 12.13 Gene therapy may someday help treat a variety of diseases | PCR Reactions 12.14 The PCR method is used to amplify DNA sequences | Polymerase Chain Reaction 1 12.14 The PCR method is used to amplify DNA sequences |
| Polymerase Chain Reaction 2 12.14 The PCR method is used to amplify DNA sequences | Polymerase Chain Reaction 3 12.14 The PCR method is used to amplify DNA sequences Polymerase Chain Reaction | Polymerase Chain Reaction 4 | Cycle Sequencing 12.15 The Human Genome Project is an ambitious application of DNA technology | Early DNA Sequencing 12.15 The Human Genome Project is an ambitious application of DNA technology | Sanger Sequencing 12.15 The Human Genome Project is an ambitious application of DNA technology |
| Sequencing of DNA 12.15 The Human Genome Project is an ambitious application of DNA technology; Sequencing of DNA | Sequencing the Genome 12.15 The Human Genome Project is an ambitious application of DNA technology | High-Throughput Sequencing 12.15 The Human Genome Project is an ambitious application of DNA technology | Applications of Biotechnology Genetically Modified Organisms Connection | Antisense RNA Technology 12.18 Genetically modified organisms are transforming agriculture | Genes into Plants Using the Ti-plasmid 12.18 Genetically modified organisms are transforming agriculture
|
| Cloning 101 12.18 Genetically modified organisms are transforming agriculture
| |||||
| Mechanisms of Evolution 2 Chapter 13: Darwin’s Theory of Evolution | Darwin in Historical Context Darwin’s Theory Of Evolution | Evolutionary Changes Video Population Genetics And The Modern Synthesis | Mechanisms of Evolution 1 Population Genetics And The Modern Synthesis | Hardy-Weinberg Conditions Animation 13.7 The gene pool of a non-evolving population remains constant over the generations | The Hardy-Weinberg Law and the Effects of Inbreeding and Natural Selection 13.7 The gene pool of a non-evolving population remains constant over the generations |
| Population Genetics and Evolution 13.7 The gene pool of a non-evolving population remains constant over the generations | Simulation of Genetic Drift 13.9 In addition to natural selection, genetic drift and gene flow can contribute to evolution | Natural Selection 13.16 Natural selection can alter variation in a population in three ways | Assessing the Costs of Adaptations 13.18 Natural selection cannot fashion perfect organisms | Models of Speciation Mechanisms Of Speciation | Speciation Mechanisms Of Speciation |
| Speciation Models Mechanisms Of Speciation | Founder Events Lead to Allopatric Speciation 14.5 Reproductive barriers may evolve as populations diverge | Speciation by Ploidy / Adaptive Radiation in Anoles 14.7 Polyploid plants clothe and feed us | Gradualism vs. Punctuated Equilibrium 14.10 The tempo of speciation can appear steady or jumpy | Macroevolution Video | Evolution of the Continents 16.1 Life began on a young Earth |
| Evolution of the Continents 16.1 Life began on a young Earth | |||||
| Pasteur’s Experiment 16.2 How did life originate? | Miller-Urey Experiment 16.3 Stanley Miller’s experiments showed that organic molecules could have arisen on a lifeless Earth | Synthesis of Prebiotic Molecules in an Experimental Atmosphere 16.3 Stanley Miller’s experiments showed that organic molecules could have arisen on a lifeless Earth | Prokaryotes Prokaryotes | Bacterial Endospore Formation 16.10 Various structural features contribute to the success of prokaryotes | The Simplest Eukaryotes – Protists & Fungi Protists |
| Unicellular Eukaryotes Protists | Malaria: Life Cycle of Plasmodium 16.21 Alveolates have sacs beneath the plasma membrane and include dinoflagellates, apicomplexans, and ciliates | ||||
| The Fungi Fungi | The Fungi Kingdom – Common Characteristics of Fungi 17.15 Fungi absorb food after digesting it outside their bodies | Chytridiomycetes 17.17 Fungi can be classified into five groups | The Zygomycetes 17.17 Fungi can be classified into five groups | Life Cycle & Conjugation in a Zygomycete 17.17 Fungi can be classified into five groups | The Ascomycetes 17.17 Fungi can be classified into five groups |
| The Basidiomycetes of the Fungi Kingdom 17.17 Fungi can be classified into five groups | |||||
| An Introduction to the Animals Animal Evolution And Diversity | Overview of Invertebrates Animal Evolution And Diversity | Life Cycle of a Cnidarian 18.6 Cnidarians are radial animals with tentacles and stinging cells | From Invertebrates to Vertebrates Invertebrates; Vertebrates | Life Cycle of a Frog 18.18 Amphibians were the first tetrapods–vertebrates with two pairs of limbs | Marine Iguanas 18.19 Reptiles are amniotes–tetrapods with a terrestrially adapted egg |
| Tortoise 18.19 Reptiles are amniotes–tetrapods with a terrestrially adapted egg | Bat Pollinating 18.21 Mammals are amniotes that have hair and produce milk | Animal Form and Function Chapter 20: Unifying Concepts of Animal Structure & Function
| Organization in Living Things The Hierarchy of Structural Organization in An Animal
| Specialized Plant and Animal Cells 20.2 Animal structure has a hierarchy
| |
| Plants and Their Relatives Plant Evolution and Diversity | Plant Life Cycles Alternation of Generations and Plant Life Cycles | The Plant Kingdom – An Introduction Plant Evolution and Diversity | Life Cycle of a Moss 17.5 Mosses have a dominant gametophyte | Moss Life Cycle 17.5 Mosses have a dominant gametophyte | Fern Life Cycle 17.6 Ferns, like most plants, have a dominant sporophyte |
| Gymnosperms: Seeds in Cones 17.8 A pine tree is a sporophyte with tiny gametophytes in its cones | Life Cycle of a Conifer 17.8 A pine tree is a sporophyte with tiny gametophytes in its cones | Pine Life Cycle 17.8 A pine tree is a sporophyte with tiny gametophytes in its cones | Life Cycle of a Angiosperm 17.10 The angiosperm plant is a sporophyte with gametophytes in its flowers | Fruit – Triumph of the Angiosperms 17.11 The structure of a fruit reflects its function in seed dispersal | Section Through a Leaf 31.6 Three tissue systems make up the plant body |
| Cambium Growth 31.8 Secondary growth increases the girth of woody plants | Secondary Growth – The Vascular Cambium 31.8 Secondary growth increases the girth of woody plants | Plant Reproduction and Development Reproduction of Flowering Plants | Parts of a Flower 31.9 Overview: The sexual life cycle of a flowering plant | Chapter 31: Double Fertilization in Flowering Plants 31.10 The development of pollen and ovules culminates in fertilization | Plant Fertilization 31.10 The development of pollen and ovules culminates in fertilization |
| Plant Reproduction 31.10 The development of pollen and ovules culminates in fertilization
| Seed Development 31.11 The ovule develops into a seed | Fruit Development 31.12 The ovary develops into a fruit | Angiosperms: Seeds in Fruit 31.13 Seed germination continues the life cycle | Plant Nutrition Chapter 32: Plant Nutrition & Transport
| Transpiration in Plants The Uptake and Transport of Plant Nutrients
|
| Transport in Roots 32.2 The plasma membranes of root cells control solute uptake | Water Uptake 32.2 The plasma membranes of root cells control solute uptake | Cohesion Adhesion Tension Model 32.3 Transpiration pulls water up xylem vessels | Transpiration 1 32.3 Transpiration pulls water up xylem vessels | Phloem Loading 32.5 Phloem transports sugars | Phloem Translocation in Summer 32.5 Phloem transports sugars |
| Phloem Translocation in Spring 32.5 Phloem transports sugars | The Pressure Flow Model 32.5 Phloem transports sugars | Sugar Transport in Plants 32.5 Phloem transports sugars | Nitrogen & Iron Deficiencies 32.6 Plant health depends on a complete diet of essential inorganic nutrients | Minerals from Soil 32.8 Fertile soil supports plant growth
| Mineral Uptake 32.8 Fertile soil supports plant growth
|
| Control Systems in Plants Chapter 33: Control Systems in Plants | Auxin Affects Cell Walls 33.3 Auxin stimulates the elongation of cells in young shoots | Tropisms 3.9 Tropisms orient plant growth toward or away from environmental stimuli | Went’s Experiment 33.9 Tropisms orient plant growth toward or away from environmental stimuli | The Effect of Interrupted Days & Nights 3.10 Plants have internal clocks | Phytochrome Signaling 33.12 Phytochrome is a light detector that may help set the biological clock |
| Signaling between Plants & Pathogens 33.14 Defenses against herbivores and infectious microbes have evolved in plants | |||||
| The Digestive System Chapter 21: Nutrition & Digestion | Diet and Feeding Mechanisms Obtaining and Processing Food | Organs of Digestion Human Digestive System | Hormones & Gastric Secretions 21.9 The stomach stores food and breaks it down with acid and enzymes | Hormones and Gastric Secretion 21.9 The stomach stores food and breaks it down with acid and enzymes | Hydrochloric Acid Production… of the Stomach 21.9 The stomach stores food and breaks it down with acid and enzymes |
| Three Phases of Gastric Secretion 21.9 The stomach stores food and breaks it down with acid and enzymes | Reflexes in the Colon 21.12 The large intestine reclaims water and compacts the feces | B Vitamins 21.18 A healthy diet includes 13 vitamins | |||
RESPIRATION | |||||
| The Respiratory System Chapter 22: Gas Exchange | Airflow in Mammals 22.2 Animals exchange O2 and CO2 across moist body surfaces | Alveolar Pressure Changes During Inspiration and Expiration 22.9 Blood transports respiratory gases | Changes in the Partial Pressures of Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide 22.9 Blood transports respiratory gases | Gas Exchange During Respiration 22.9 Blood transports respiratory gases | Airflow in Birds 22.2 Animals exchange O2 and CO2 across moist body surfaces |
| Movement of Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide 22.9 Blood transports respiratory gases | Path of Blood: Review 22.9 Blood transports respiratory gases | Blood to Tissues 22.9 Blood transports respiratory gases | Tissues to Blood 22.9 Blood transports respiratory gases | Blood to Lungs 22.9 Blood transports respiratory gases | Lungs to Blood 22.9 Blood transports respiratory gases |
CIRCULATION | |||||
| The Circulatory System #1 Chapter 23: Circulation | The Circulatory System #2 The Mammalian Cardiovascular System
| Blood Flow through the Human Heart 23.4 The human heart and cardiovascular system are typical of mammals | The Cardiac Cycle 23.4 The human heart and cardiovascular system are typical of mammals | Mechanical Events of the Cardiac Cycle 23.6 The heart contracts and relaxes rhythmically | Conducting System of the Heart 23.7 The pacemaker sets the tempo of the heartbeat |
| Baroreceptor Reflex Control of Blood Pressure 23.9 Blood exerts pressure on vessel walls | Chemoreceptor Reflex Control of Blood Pressure 23.9 Blood exerts pressure on vessel walls | Measuring Blood Pressure 23.9 Blood exerts pressure on vessel walls | Hemoglobin Breakdown 23.14 Too few or too many red blood cells can be unhealthy | ||
IMMUNE SYSTEM | |||||
| Cells & Organs of the Immune System Chapter 24: The Immune System | Nonspecific Immune Defenses Innate Defenses Against Infection | Phagocytosis 24.1 Innate defenses against infection include the skin and mucous membranes, phagocytes cells, and antimicrobial proteins | Nonspecific Inflammatory Response 24.2 The inflammatory response mobilizes nonspecific defense forces | The Lymphatic System and the Blood 24.3 The lymphatic system becomes a crucial battleground during infection | T-Cell Dependent Antigens 24.5 Lymphocytes mount a dual defense |
| Humoral Immune Response Acquired Immunity | The Immune Response Acquired Immunity | Specific Immune Defenses Acquired Immunity | Antigenic Determinants (Epitopes) 24.6 Antigens have specific regions where antibodies bind to them
| Humoral Immunity – The Role of B Cells 24.7 Clonal selection musters defensive forces against specific antigens | A B-Cell Builds an Antibody 24.8 Antibodies are the weapons of humoral immunity |
| Antibodies 24.9 Antibodies mark antigens for elimination | Pregancy Test 24.10 Monoclonal antibodies are powerful tools in the lab and clinic | ELISA Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay 24.10 Monoclonal antibodies are powerful tools in the lab and clinic | Monoclonal Antibody Production 24.10 Monoclonal antibodies are powerful tools in the lab and clinic | Helper T Cells 24.11 Helper T cells stimulate humoral and cell-mediated immunity | The Cellular Immune Response 24.13 Cytotoxic T cells destroy infected body cells |
| Cytotoxic T-cell Activity Against Target Cells 24.13 Cytotoxic T cells destroy infected body cells | Cell-Mediated Immunity – Cytotoxic T Cells 24.13 Cytotoxic T cells destroy infected body cells | Allergic Response 24.17 Allergies are overreactions to certain environmental antigens | IgE Mediated Hypersensitivity 24.17 Allergies are overreactions to certain environmental antigens | ||
| The Actions of Hormones on Target Cells The Nature of Chemical Regulation | Hormones The Nature of Chemical Regulation | Endocrine System Orientation Hormones and Homeostasis | Positive and Negative Feedback Hormones and Homeostasis | Lipid Soluble Hormones 26.2 Hormones affect target cells by two main signaling mechanisms | Intracellular Receptor Model 26.2 Hormones affect target cells by two main signaling mechanisms |
| Mechanism of Action of Lipid-Soluble Messengers 26.2 Hormones affect target cells by two main signaling mechanisms | Mechanism of Steroid Hormone Action 26.2 Hormones affect target cells by two main signaling mechanisms | Water Soluble Hormones 26.2 Hormones affect target cells by two main signaling mechanisms | Membrane-Bound Receptors, G Proteins, and Ca2+ Channels 26.2 Hormones affect target cells by two main signaling mechanisms | Membrane-Bound Receptors that Activate G Proteins 26.2 Hormones affect target cells by two main signaling mechanisms | Second Messengers – The cAMP and Ca++ Pathways 26.2 Hormones affect target cells by two main signaling mechanisms |
| Signaling via G-Protein 26.2 Hormones affect target cells by two main signaling mechanisms | The Endocrine System The Vertebrate Endocrine System
| Hormonal Communication 26.4 The hypothalamus, closely tied to the pituitary, connects the nervous and endocrine systems | The Hypothalamic-Pituitary Axis | Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Endocrine Axis | Biochemistry, Secretion, & Transport of Hormones Hormones and Homeostasis |
| Thyroid Gland Functioning 26.5 The thyroid regulates development and metabolism | Mechanism of Thyroxine Action | Hormonal Regulation of Calcium 26.6 Hormones from the thyroid and parathyroids maintain calcium homeostasis | Blood Sugar Regulation in Diabetics 26.8 Diabetes is a common endocrine disorder | Respose to Stress 26.9 The adrenal glands mobilize responses to stress | Action of Epinephrine on a Liver Cell |
| The Nervous System Chapter 28: The Nervous System | Reflex Arcs 28.1 Nervous systems receive sensory input, interpret it, and send out appropriate commands | Parts of a Neuron 28.2 Neurons are the functional units of nervous systems | How Nerves Work 28.2 Neurons are the functional units of nervous systems | Resting Membrane Potential 28.3 A neuron maintains a membrane potential across its membrane | Resting Potential 28.3 A neuron maintains a membrane potential across its membrane |
| Action Potential | Voltage Gated Channels and the Action Potential 28.4 A nerve signal begins as a change in the membrane potential | Sodium-Potassium Exchange 28.4 A nerve signal begins as a change in the membrane potential | Action Potential Propagation in an Unmyelinated Axon 28.5 The action potential propagates itself along the neuron | Action Potentials 28.4 A nerve signal begins as a change in the membrane potential | The Nerve Impulse 28.3 A neuron maintains a membrane potential across its membrane |
| The Nerve Impulse 28.3 A neuron maintains a membrane potential across its membrane | Synapse | Chemical Synapse | Membrane-Bound Receptors G Proteins and Ca2 Channels Information Processing in the Spinal Cord 28.8 A variety of small molecules function as neurotransmitters | Role of Sympathetic and Parasympathetic Nervous System 28.13 Opposing actions of sympathetic and parasympathetic neurons regulate the internal environment | Circadian Rhythms Time-Compensated Solar Compass 28.18 Several parts of the brain regulate sleep and arousal
|
| Receptors of the Skin 29.3 Specialized sensory receptors detect five categories of stimuli | The Senses: Seeing Vision | Near and Distant Vision 29.6 To focus, a lens changes position or shape | Artificial Corrective Lens 29.7 Artificial lenses or surgery can correct focusing problems | Information Processing in the Retina 29.8 Our photoreceptors are rods and cones 29.6 To focus, a lens changes position or shape
| The Senses: Hearing Hearing and Balance |
| Skeletons Chapter 30: Movement and Locomotion | Bone Growth in Width 30.4 Bones are complex living organs | Osteoporosis 30.6 Weak, brittle bones are a serious health problem, even in young people | Muscle Structure and Contraction Muscle Contraction and Movement | Action Potentials and Muscle Contraction 30.10 Motor neurons stimulate muscle contraction | Breakdown of ATP and Cross-Bridge Movement During Muscle Contraction 30.9 A muscle contracts when thin filaments slide across thick filaments |
| Myofilament Contraction | Function of a Neuromuscular Junction 30.10 Motor neurons stimulate muscle contraction | Sarcomere Shortening | Smooth Muscle Action | Molecular Mechanisms of Muscle Contraction 30.8 Each muscle cell has its own contractile apparatus | |
ECOLOGY | |||||
| The Natural Setting The Biosphere: An Introduction to Earth’s Diverse Environments | Ecosystems 34.4 Physical and chemical factors influence life in the biosphere | Earth Has Four Giant Convection Cells 34.6 Regional climate influences the distribution of biological communities | Aquatic Ecosystems Aquatic Biomes
| Biomes #1 Terrestrial Biomes | Basics of Behavior Behavioral Adaptations to the Environment |
| Foraging Behavior 35.12 Behavioral ecologists use cost-benefit analysis in studying foraging | Hormonal Control of Sexual Behavior 35.13 Mating behaviors enhance reproductive success | Social Behvaior Social Behavior and Sociobiology | The Cost of Defending a Territory 35.16 Territorial behavior parcels space and resources | Population Ecology Population Dynamics | Animation – r and K Strategies 36.4 Idealized models help us understand population growth |
| Population Growth 36.5 Multiple factors may limit population growth | Population Cycles 36.6 Some populations have “boom-and-bust” cycles | Human Population Growth The Human Population | World Hunger | Community Ecology Structural Features of Communities | Symbiosis 37.6 Symbiotic relationships help structure communities
|
| Succession 37.7 Disturbance is a prominent feature of most communities | Primary Succession on a Glacial Moraine 37.7 Disturbance is a prominent feature of most communities | Food Chains 37.9 Trophic structure is a key factor in community dynamics | Food Webs 37.10 Food chains interconnect, forming food webs | Ecosystem Structural Features of Communities | Chemical Element Cycles Ecosystem Structure and Dynamics |
| An Idealized Energy Pyramid Energy Flow and the Water Cycle 37.13 Energy supply limits the length of food chains | The Sulfur Cycle 37.15 Chemicals are recycled between organic matter and abiotic reservoirs | The Global Carbon Cycle 37.17 The carbon cycle depends on photosynthesis and respiration | The Global Nitrogen Cycle 37.18 The nitrogen cycle relies heavily on bacteria | The Nitrogen Cycle #1 37.18 The nitrogen cycle relies heavily on bacteria 37.18 The nitrogen cycle relies heavily on bacteriaa | The Phosphorus Cycle 37.19 The phosphorus cycle depends on the weathering of rock |
| Conservation Biology Conservation Biology | Land Transformation: A City Growing Over Time The Biodiversity Crisis: An Overview | Habitat Fragmentation 38.3 Habitat destruction, introduced species, and overexploitation are the major threats to biodiversity | Are Global Temperatures Rising? 38.5 Rapid global warming could alter the entire biosphere | Climate Change Over Time | Greenhouse Effect |
