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Modified True/False
Indicate whether the statement is true or false. If false, change the identified word or phrase to make the statement true.
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1.
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A vascular plant’s body is formed from dermal, vascular, and ground tissue systems. _________________________
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2.
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The protective layer of cork on a woody stem is a part of the ground tissue system of plants. _________________________
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3.
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Root hairs are extensions of the cortex cells that cover a root. _________________________
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4.
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Xylem transports water and mineral nutrients in vascular plants. _________________________
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5.
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The main function of ground tissue is to conduct water, minerals, and nutrients. _________________________
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6.
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Vascular tissue surrounded by ground tissue, which makes up much of the outside of a vascular plant. _________________________
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7.
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The main functions of the roots of plants are anchoring the plant and absorbing water and minerals. _________________________
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8.
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Herbaceous plants have non-woody stems. _________________________
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9.
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Sapwood contains xylem vessels that cannot conduct water. _________________________
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10.
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Xylem in heartwood cannot conduct water. _________________________
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11.
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A compound leaf has two or more leaflets. _________________________
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12.
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A plant embryo’s root develops above the cotyledons. _________________________
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13.
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A protective sheath covers the shoot of a sprouting bean seed. _________________________
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14.
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The cotyledons of beans are visible above the soil after germination. _________________________
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15.
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The cotyledons of a corn seed remain below the soil surface after germination. _________________________
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16.
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Plants stop developing once they have matured. _________________________
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17.
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Plants add new cells to the tips of their stems and roots, causing them to grow longer. _________________________
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18.
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Cell division in meristems decreases the length and width of a plant. _________________________
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19.
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Secondary tissues form as a result of cell division in a plant’s apical meristems. _________________________
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20.
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Nitrogen is an essential mineral nutrient needed for plant growth and development. _________________________
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21.
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Since calcium is a part of cell membranes, it plays a role in the support of a plant’s body. _________________________
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22.
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If a plant becomes deficient in magnesium, it will not be able to perform cellular respiration. _________________________
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23.
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The availability of light and nutrients affects the rate of plant growth. _________________________
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24.
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The movement of water through a plant can be explained by the pressure-flow model. _________________________
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25.
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The loss of water by translocation at the leaves helps pull water into the plant at the roots. _________________________
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26.
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The rate of water absorption in roots is influenced by the amount of water lost through transpiration. _________________________
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27.
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Osmosis between water molecules helps to pull water through a plant’s xylem. _________________________
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28.
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The guard cells swell when they take in water, which closes the stomata and allows transpiration to proceed. _________________________
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29.
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The movement of sugars into phloem cells requires the process of active transport. _________________________
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30.
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The distribution of sugars within a plant is referred to as transpiration. _________________________
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31.
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Sugars move in only two directions within the phloem of a plant. _________________________
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32.
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Roots function in the storage of excess nutrients in many plants. Therefore, roots are an example of a sink only. _________________________
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33.
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In plants, organic nutrients move through the xylem from where they are made to where they are needed. _________________________
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34.
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The transport of organic molecules from a leaf to the rest of the plant is called transportation. _________________________
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35.
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A hormone is any chemical messenger that is produced in one location and causes a response in another location. _________________________
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36.
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Auxins were the first group of plant hormones to be described. _________________________
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37.
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The shoots of oat seedlings bend toward light because of auxins produced in their root tips. _________________________
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38.
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Cytokinins are hormones that slow the aging of some plant organs such as cut flowers. _________________________
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39.
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Seedless fruits are often produced by applying ethylene to developing fruits. _________________________
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40.
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Plant shoots grow upward due to a negative gravitropism. _________________________
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41.
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Tropisms are the only way that plants respond to environmental stimuli. _________________________
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42.
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Tropisms are distinguished from other plant responses to stimuli in that they depend on the direction from which the stimulus comes. _________________________
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43.
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The response of a plant to the direction of a touch is called a thigmotropism. _________________________
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44.
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The fact that a plant blooms and sets fruit at the same time each year is explained by a heliotropism. _________________________
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45.
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The response of a Venus’ flytrap to an insect is an example of a tropism. _________________________
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Multiple Choice
Identify the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question.
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46.
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Which of the following is not a tissue system of vascular plants?
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a.
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vascular tissue |
c.
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ground tissue |
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b.
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dermal tissue |
d.
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cuticle tissue |
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47.
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cuticle : above-ground parts ::
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a.
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vascular system : plant |
c.
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guard cell : stoma |
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b.
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sperm : egg |
d.
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wax : root system |
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48.
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The xylem in a plant
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a.
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transports food from the leaves. |
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b.
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transports water and minerals. |
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c.
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exchanges carbon dioxide with the atmosphere. |
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d.
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exchanges sugars and starches with leaves. |
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49.
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The conducting cells of phloem are called
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a.
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tracheids. |
c.
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sieve plates. |
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b.
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sieve-tube members. |
d.
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vessel-element cells. |
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The diagram below shows a portion of a plant’s vascular system. 
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50.
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Refer to the illustration above. Structure B is known as a
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a.
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tracheid. |
c.
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vessel element. |
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b.
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companion cell. |
d.
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sieve-tube member. |
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51.
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Refer to the illustration above. Structure C is a
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a.
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tracheid. |
c.
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vessel cell. |
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b.
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companion cell. |
d.
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sieve tube member. |
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52.
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Refer to the illustration above. Which structure allows the cytoplasm of a companion cell to connect to the cytoplasm of a sieve-tube member and allows substances to pass freely from cell to cell?
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53.
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Refer to the illustration above. The structure labeled D is
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a.
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a companion cell. |
c.
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the nucleus of a companion cell. |
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b.
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an epidermal cell. |
d.
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the chloroplast of an epidermal cell. |
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54.
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The ground tissue in the center of roots and stems
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a.
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turns into meristem. |
c.
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provides support. |
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b.
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transports food. |
d.
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germinates at least once a year. |
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55.
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The ground tissue that is made up of chloroplast-rich cells is located in the
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a.
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root. |
c.
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stem. |
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b.
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xylem. |
d.
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leaves. |
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56.
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vascular tissue: transport of fluids ::
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a.
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epidermis : support |
c.
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dermal tissue : transport of fluids |
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b.
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dermal tissue : storage |
d.
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ground tissue : photosynthesis |
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57.
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The large central root of a carrot is an example of which type of root system?
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a.
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adventitious |
c.
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taproot |
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b.
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aerial |
d.
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fibrous |
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58.
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The root cap
|
a.
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protects a growing root tip. |
c.
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absorbs water. |
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b.
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stores food in the form of starch. |
d.
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contains vascular tissue. |
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59.
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dermal tissue : root hairs ::
|
a.
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cellular respiration : photosynthesis |
c.
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cork cells : transport of fluids |
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b.
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vascular tissue : vascular bundle |
d.
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internodes : nodes |
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|
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The diagram below shows the stem of a coleus plant.
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60.
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Refer to the illustration above. The tissue labeled A is called
|
a.
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meristem. |
c.
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phloem. |
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b.
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xylem. |
d.
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ground tissue. |
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61.
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Refer to the illustration above. The structure labeled C is one of this herbaceous stem’s
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a.
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petioles. |
c.
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vascular bundles. |
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b.
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veins. |
d.
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pith nodes. |
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62.
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Refer to the illustration above. The tissue labeled B, which conducts water and is made of elongated cells that connect end to end, is called
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a.
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meristem. |
c.
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phloem. |
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b.
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xylem. |
d.
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ground tissue. |
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63.
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The outer layers of ground tissue in a stem are known as the
|
a.
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sapwood. |
c.
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pith. |
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b.
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nodes. |
d.
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cortex. |
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64.
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The bark on a woody stem is made up of
|
a.
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xylem and phloem. |
c.
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phloem and cork. |
|
b.
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sapwood. |
d.
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mesophyll. |
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65.
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The vascular bundles of dicot stems are arranged
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a.
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in rings surrounded by ground tissue. |
|
b.
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scattered throughout ground tissue. |
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c.
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in pith scattered throughout ground tissue. |
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d.
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in cortex scattered throughout ground tissue. |
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66.
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The center region of ground tissue in a herbaceous stem is known as the
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a.
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sapwood. |
c.
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pith. |
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b.
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nodes. |
d.
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cortex. |
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67.
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Leaves connect to the stems of plants at the
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a.
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lateral buds. |
c.
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nodes. |
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b.
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pith. |
d.
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internodes. |
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68.
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Leaves with an undivided blade are called
|
a.
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tendrils. |
c.
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compound. |
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b.
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spines. |
d.
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simple. |
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69.
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leaves : carbon dioxide from the air ::
|
a.
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leaves : water from the air |
c.
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roots : carbon dioxide from the air |
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b.
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roots : light from the air |
d.
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roots : nutrients from the soil |
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70.
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Garden-pea tendrils are specialized leaves for
|
a.
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photosynthesis. |
c.
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respiration. |
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b.
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climbing. |
d.
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absorption. |
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71.
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The tissue of the leaf mesophyll that is located directly below the upper epidermis and consists of tightly packed column-shaped cells is the
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a.
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palisade layer. |
c.
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adventitious layer. |
|
b.
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cortex. |
d.
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pith. |
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Four Different Kinds of Leaves
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72.
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Refer to the illustration above. Which of the leaves is a compound leaf?
|
a.
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leaf a |
c.
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leaf c |
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b.
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leaf b |
d.
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leaf d |
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73.
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Refer to the illustration above. Which of the leaves is most likely to be a leaf from a monocot?
|
a.
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leaf a |
c.
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leaf c |
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b.
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leaf b |
d.
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leaf d |
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The diagram below shows a leaf cross section.
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74.
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Refer to the illustration above. The vein illustrated is made up of
|
a.
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only xylem vessels. |
c.
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both xylem and phloem vessels. |
|
b.
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only phloem vessels. |
d.
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neither xylem nor phloem vessels. |
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75.
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Refer to the illustration above. The spongy layer is indicated by the letter
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76.
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Refer to the illustration above. All of the following relate to structure A except that it
|
a.
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is the cuticle. |
c.
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covers the epidermis. |
|
b.
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protects the leaf. |
d.
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conducts photosynthesis. |
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77.
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The first sign of germination is the emergence of the embryo’s
|
a.
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shoot. |
c.
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stem. |
|
b.
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root. |
d.
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flowers. |
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78.
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Plants grow in regions of active cell division called
|
a.
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meristems. |
c.
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phloem. |
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b.
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xylem. |
d.
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dermal tissue. |
|
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79.
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Meristems are found
|
a.
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only at the tips of roots. |
c.
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at the tips of roots and shoots. |
|
b.
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only at the tips of shoots. |
d.
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at the center of roots and shoots. |
|
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80.
|
Plant development is similar to animal development because
|
a.
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a plant continues to develop throughout its life. |
|
b.
|
plants are more strongly influenced by the environment. |
|
c.
|
newly formed plant cells differentiate to form specialized tissues. |
|
d.
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plant development can be reversed. |
|
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81.
|
During periods of primary growth at apical meristems, stems and roots
|
a.
|
become wider. |
c.
|
maintain a constant number of cells. |
|
b.
|
become longer. |
d.
|
undergo meiosis. |
|
|
|
|
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82.
|
Refer to the illustration above. Outer bark is produced by
|
a.
|
layer 2. |
c.
|
layer 5. |
|
b.
|
layer 4. |
d.
|
layer 7. |
|
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83.
|
Refer to the illustration above. The cells that produce the secondary xylem are labeled as
|
a.
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layer 2. |
c.
|
layer 4. |
|
b.
|
layer 3. |
d.
|
layer 5. |
|
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84.
|
Refer to the illustration above. Secondary xylem is indicated by the cells labeled as
|
a.
|
layer 1. |
c.
|
layer 5. |
|
b.
|
layer 3. |
d.
|
layer 7. |
|
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85.
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Secondary xylem and phloem form from
|
a.
|
cork cambium. |
c.
|
apical meristems. |
|
b.
|
vascular cambium. |
d.
|
bark. |
|
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86.
|
In a woody stem, cork cambium
|
a.
|
forms phloem. |
c.
|
produces the cells of the outer bark. |
|
b.
|
forms xylem. |
d.
|
becomes vascular cambium. |
|
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87.
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secondary growth : width ::
|
a.
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secondary growth : height |
c.
|
apical meristem : width |
|
b.
|
lateral meristem : length |
d.
|
primary growth : length |
|
| |
88.
|
xylem : inner side of vascular cambium ::
|
a.
|
vascular cambium : cork cambium |
|
b.
|
outer side of vascular cambium : cork |
|
c.
|
phloem : outer side of vascular cambium |
|
d.
|
phloem : cork cambium |
|
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89.
|
Photosynthesis enables plants to produce most of the organic molecules that they need. This process requires the use of all of the following except
|
a.
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carbon dioxide. |
c.
|
light. |
|
b.
|
water. |
d.
|
glucose. |
|
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90.
|
The movement of water through a plant is caused by
|
a.
|
the attraction of water molecules to sugar molecules. |
|
b.
|
the force of osmosis drawing water into the roots. |
|
c.
|
transpiration from leaves and stems. |
|
d.
|
translocation of sugars in the stems. |
|
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91.
|
The loss of water vapor through the leaves of a plant is called
|
a.
|
translocation. |
c.
|
active transport. |
|
b.
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osmosis. |
d.
|
transpiration. |
|
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92.
|
The guard cells that surround a stoma
|
a.
|
have no walls. |
|
b.
|
swell with water, causing the stoma to open. |
|
c.
|
shrink when opening the stoma. |
|
d.
|
are responsible for translocation. |
|
| |
93.
|
The transport of food from the leaves to the rest of the plant is called
|
a.
|
translocation. |
c.
|
active transport. |
|
b.
|
osmosis. |
d.
|
transpiration. |
|
| |
94.
|
One model that explains the movement of sugar in a plant is known as the
|
a.
|
transpiration model. |
c.
|
pressure-flow model. |
|
b.
|
translocation model. |
d.
|
source-sink model. |
|
|
|
The diagrams below illustrate an experiment that was performed to better understand how plants grow toward the light. Diagram A illustrates the cut tip of a seedling that was put on a block of agar.
|
| |
95.
|
Refer to the illustration above. The plant growth hormone that was discovered in this experiment is called
|
a.
|
auxin. |
c.
|
ethylene. |
|
b.
|
gibberellin. |
d.
|
cytokinin. |
|
| |
96.
|
Refer to the illustration above. A hormone caused the stem in diagram C to bend by
|
a.
|
exerting a cohesive force on the stem. |
|
b.
|
causing cells to reproduce at a greater rate. |
|
c.
|
causing cells on one side to elongate. |
|
d.
|
translocation. |
|
| |
97.
|
A plant hormone that is produced primarily in root tips is
|
a.
|
auxin. |
c.
|
ethylene. |
|
b.
|
cytokinin. |
d.
|
gibberellin. |
|
| |
98.
|
Which of the following hormones normally exists in a gaseous state?
|
a.
|
auxin |
c.
|
ethylene |
|
b.
|
cytokinin |
d.
|
gibberellin |
|
| |
99.
|
All of the following generally cause tropisms in plants except
|
a.
|
light. |
c.
|
touch. |
|
b.
|
gravity. |
d.
|
heat. |
|
| |
100.
|
When vines grow, they often wrap tendrils around objects for support. The tendrils wrap because of
|
a.
|
thigmotropism. |
c.
|
phototropism. |
|
b.
|
gravitropism. |
d.
|
chance. |
|
|
|
|
Newly Germinated Seedling
|
 |
|
|
| |
101.
|
Refer to the illustration above. Which part of the plant indicates positive phototropism?
|
| |
102.
|
Refer to the illustration above. Which part of the plant indicates positive gravitropism?
|
| |
103.
|
shoots : negative gravitropism ::
|
a.
|
light stimulations : gravitropism |
c.
|
shoots : negative phototropism |
|
b.
|
gravity movements : phototropism |
d.
|
roots : positive gravitropism |
|
| |
104.
|
The response of plants to periods of light and dark is called
|
a.
|
seasonal. |
c.
|
daily activity. |
|
b.
|
photoperiodism. |
d.
|
nocturnal variation. |
|
| |
105.
|
Nastic movements in plants result when
|
a.
|
some cells grow more than others. |
|
b.
|
the water content of certain cells changes. |
|
c.
|
the plant has been exposed to warm temperatures. |
|
d.
|
seasonal conditions change suddenly. |
|
|
Completion
Complete each statement.
|
| |
106.
|
The ____________________ tissue forms the protective outer layer of a plant.
|
| |
107.
|
Dermal tissue functions in ____________________ as well as in protection and the absorption of mineral nutrients.
|
| |
108.
|
Vascular tissues are specialized cells that move ____________________, nutrients, and other materials through the plant body.
|
| |
109.
|
The tissues that transport water, minerals, and nutrients within a plant make up the ____________________ system.
|
| |
110.
|
Narrow, elongated, thick-walled cells that taper at each end and conduct water and mineral nutrients are called ____________________.
|
| |
111.
|
Certain conducting cells in the vascular system cannot perform their functions until they have lost most of their ____________________.
|
| |
112.
|
The ____________________ of plants absorb water and minerals necessary for growth.
|
| |
113.
|
The two main types of root systems are fibrous root systems and ____________________ systems.
|
| |
114.
|
Flexible, soft, and usually green stems are known as ____________________ stems.
|
| |
115.
|
The darker, non-conducting wood in the center of a tree trunk is called ____________________.
|
| |
116.
|
In ____________________ stems, the vascular bundles are arranged in a ring with ground tissue surrounding the ring.
|
| |
117.
|
The broad, flat portion of a typical leaf is called the ____________________.
|
| |
118.
|
In order for seeds to sprout, environmental conditions must be ____________________.
|
|
|
|
| |
119.
|
Refer to the diagram above. The structure labeled A in the diagram above is called the ____________________.
|
| |
120.
|
Refer to the diagram above. The structure labeled X is called the ____________________.
|
| |
121.
|
Resumption of growth by a plant embryo in a seed is called ____________________.
|
| |
122.
|
Seeds typically enter a period of dormancy before they ____________________.
|
| |
123.
|
The process by which cells become specialized in form and function is called ____________________.
|
| |
124.
|
Plants grow in regions of active cell division at the tips of roots and shoots called ____________________.
|
| |
125.
|
Growth that occurs from the formation of new cells at the tip of a plant is called ____________________.
|
| |
126.
|
Plant tissues that result from primary growth are called ____________________.
|
| |
127.
|
Cell division in the parts of plants called ____________________ add layers of new cells around the outside of a plant’s body.
|
| |
128.
|
Wood consists primarily of ____________________ cells.
|
| |
129.
|
The thickening of a plant body by the production of new xylem and phloem is called ____________________ growth.
|
| |
130.
|
A lateral meristem that produces secondary vascular tissue is called the ____________________.
|
| |
131.
|
A lateral meristem that produces the cork cells of the outer bark is called the ____________________.
|
| |
132.
|
The process that causes a plant to increase in width is called ____________________.
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133.
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Raw materials required by plants are carbon dioxide, water, oxygen, and ____________________ nutrients.
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134.
|
Nitrogen is an important component of proteins, ____________________, chlorophylls, and coenzymes.
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135.
|
ATP contains the mineral nutrient ____________________.
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136.
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As water evaporates from the surface of leaves, more water is ____________________ up the plant.
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137.
|
When the guard cells that surround a stoma lose water, the stoma ____________________.
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138.
|
Changes in ____________________ within the guard cells cause stoma to open and close.
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139.
|
Transpiration ____________________ when stomata close.
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140.
|
The transport of organic molecules from the leaves to the rest of the plant is called ____________________.
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141.
|
The leaves of plants are categorized as ____________________ because they are the primary photosynthetic organs.
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142.
|
Organic nutrients in plants move from a(n) ____________________ to a(n) ____________________.
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143.
|
A(n) ____________________ is a chemical produced in one part of an organism and transported to another part of the organism, where it causes a response.
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144.
|
____________________ is a hormone that stimulates fruits to ripen.
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145.
|
The bending of a plant’s stem toward light is an example of a _________________________.
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146.
|
A growth response of plants in which the direction of growth is determined by the direction from which a stimulus comes is called a(n) ____________________.
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147.
|
Because of ____________________, the seeds and buds of many plants delay growth until they have been exposed to a certain number of hours of cold temperatures.
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148.
|
A long-day plant will flower when ____________________ are shorter than a specific number of hours.
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149.
|
Nastic movements are plant responses that are ____________________ of the direction from which the stimulus comes.
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150.
|
The rapid folding of the leaves of a sensitive plant are the result of a(n) ____________________.
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