Modified True/False
Indicate whether the statement is true or false. If false, change the identified word or phrase to make the statement true.
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1. |
A vascular plant’s body is formed from dermal, vascular, and ground tissue systems. _________________________
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2. |
The protective layer of cork on a woody stem is a part of the ground tissue system of plants. _________________________
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3. |
Root hairs are extensions of the cortex cells that cover a root. _________________________
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4. |
Xylem transports water and mineral nutrients in vascular plants. _________________________
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5. |
The main function of ground tissue is to conduct water, minerals, and nutrients. _________________________
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6. |
Vascular tissue surrounded by ground tissue, which makes up much of the outside of a vascular plant. _________________________
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7. |
The main functions of the roots of plants are anchoring the plant and absorbing water and minerals. _________________________
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8. |
Herbaceous plants have non-woody stems. _________________________
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9. |
Sapwood contains xylem vessels that cannot conduct water. _________________________
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10. |
Xylem in heartwood cannot conduct water. _________________________
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11. |
A compound leaf has two or more leaflets. _________________________
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12. |
A plant embryo’s root develops above the cotyledons. _________________________
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13. |
A protective sheath covers the shoot of a sprouting bean seed. _________________________
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14. |
The cotyledons of beans are visible above the soil after germination. _________________________
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15. |
The cotyledons of a corn seed remain below the soil surface after germination. _________________________
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16. |
Plants stop developing once they have matured. _________________________
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17. |
Plants add new cells to the tips of their stems and roots, causing them to grow longer. _________________________
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18. |
Cell division in meristems decreases the length and width of a plant. _________________________
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19. |
Secondary tissues form as a result of cell division in a plant’s apical meristems. _________________________
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20. |
Nitrogen is an essential mineral nutrient needed for plant growth and development. _________________________
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21. |
Since calcium is a part of cell membranes, it plays a role in the support of a plant’s body. _________________________
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22. |
If a plant becomes deficient in magnesium, it will not be able to perform cellular respiration. _________________________
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23. |
The availability of light and nutrients affects the rate of plant growth. _________________________
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24. |
The movement of water through a plant can be explained by the pressure-flow model. _________________________
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25. |
The loss of water by translocation at the leaves helps pull water into the plant at the roots. _________________________
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26. |
The rate of water absorption in roots is influenced by the amount of water lost through transpiration. _________________________
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27. |
Osmosis between water molecules helps to pull water through a plant’s xylem. _________________________
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28. |
The guard cells swell when they take in water, which closes the stomata and allows transpiration to proceed. _________________________
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29. |
The movement of sugars into phloem cells requires the process of active transport. _________________________
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30. |
The distribution of sugars within a plant is referred to as transpiration. _________________________
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31. |
Sugars move in only two directions within the phloem of a plant. _________________________
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32. |
Roots function in the storage of excess nutrients in many plants. Therefore, roots are an example of a sink only. _________________________
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33. |
In plants, organic nutrients move through the xylem from where they are made to where they are needed. _________________________
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34. |
The transport of organic molecules from a leaf to the rest of the plant is called transportation. _________________________
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35. |
A hormone is any chemical messenger that is produced in one location and causes a response in another location. _________________________
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36. |
Auxins were the first group of plant hormones to be described. _________________________
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37. |
The shoots of oat seedlings bend toward light because of auxins produced in their root tips. _________________________
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38. |
Cytokinins are hormones that slow the aging of some plant organs such as cut flowers. _________________________
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39. |
Seedless fruits are often produced by applying ethylene to developing fruits. _________________________
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40. |
Plant shoots grow upward due to a negative gravitropism. _________________________
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41. |
Tropisms are the only way that plants respond to environmental stimuli. _________________________
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42. |
Tropisms are distinguished from other plant responses to stimuli in that they depend on the direction from which the stimulus comes. _________________________
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43. |
The response of a plant to the direction of a touch is called a thigmotropism. _________________________
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44. |
The fact that a plant blooms and sets fruit at the same time each year is explained by a heliotropism. _________________________
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45. |
The response of a Venus’ flytrap to an insect is an example of a tropism. _________________________
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Multiple Choice
Identify the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question.
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46. |
Which of the following is not a tissue system of vascular plants?
a.
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vascular tissue |
c.
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ground tissue |
b.
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dermal tissue |
d.
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cuticle tissue |
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47. |
cuticle : above-ground parts ::
a.
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vascular system : plant |
c.
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guard cell : stoma |
b.
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sperm : egg |
d.
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wax : root system |
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48. |
The xylem in a plant
a.
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transports food from the leaves. |
b.
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transports water and minerals. |
c.
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exchanges carbon dioxide with the atmosphere. |
d.
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exchanges sugars and starches with leaves. |
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49. |
The conducting cells of phloem are called
a.
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tracheids. |
c.
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sieve plates. |
b.
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sieve-tube members. |
d.
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vessel-element cells. |
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The diagram below shows a portion of a plant’s vascular system.
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50. |
Refer to the illustration above. Structure B is known as a
a.
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tracheid. |
c.
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vessel element. |
b.
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companion cell. |
d.
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sieve-tube member. |
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51. |
Refer to the illustration above. Structure C is a
a.
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tracheid. |
c.
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vessel cell. |
b.
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companion cell. |
d.
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sieve tube member. |
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52. |
Refer to the illustration above. Which structure allows the cytoplasm of a companion cell to connect to the cytoplasm of a sieve-tube member and allows substances to pass freely from cell to cell?
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53. |
Refer to the illustration above. The structure labeled D is
a.
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a companion cell. |
c.
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the nucleus of a companion cell. |
b.
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an epidermal cell. |
d.
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the chloroplast of an epidermal cell. |
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54. |
The ground tissue in the center of roots and stems
a.
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turns into meristem. |
c.
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provides support. |
b.
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transports food. |
d.
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germinates at least once a year. |
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55. |
The ground tissue that is made up of chloroplast-rich cells is located in the
a.
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root. |
c.
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stem. |
b.
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xylem. |
d.
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leaves. |
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56. |
vascular tissue: transport of fluids ::
a.
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epidermis : support |
c.
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dermal tissue : transport of fluids |
b.
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dermal tissue : storage |
d.
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ground tissue : photosynthesis |
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57. |
The large central root of a carrot is an example of which type of root system?
a.
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adventitious |
c.
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taproot |
b.
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aerial |
d.
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fibrous |
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58. |
The root cap
a.
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protects a growing root tip. |
c.
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absorbs water. |
b.
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stores food in the form of starch. |
d.
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contains vascular tissue. |
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59. |
dermal tissue : root hairs ::
a.
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cellular respiration : photosynthesis |
c.
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cork cells : transport of fluids |
b.
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vascular tissue : vascular bundle |
d.
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internodes : nodes |
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The diagram below shows the stem of a coleus plant.
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60. |
Refer to the illustration above. The tissue labeled A is called
a.
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meristem. |
c.
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phloem. |
b.
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xylem. |
d.
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ground tissue. |
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61. |
Refer to the illustration above. The structure labeled C is one of this herbaceous stem’s
a.
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petioles. |
c.
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vascular bundles. |
b.
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veins. |
d.
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pith nodes. |
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62. |
Refer to the illustration above. The tissue labeled B, which conducts water and is made of elongated cells that connect end to end, is called
a.
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meristem. |
c.
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phloem. |
b.
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xylem. |
d.
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ground tissue. |
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63. |
The outer layers of ground tissue in a stem are known as the
a.
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sapwood. |
c.
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pith. |
b.
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nodes. |
d.
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cortex. |
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64. |
The bark on a woody stem is made up of
a.
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xylem and phloem. |
c.
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phloem and cork. |
b.
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sapwood. |
d.
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mesophyll. |
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65. |
The vascular bundles of dicot stems are arranged
a.
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in rings surrounded by ground tissue. |
b.
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scattered throughout ground tissue. |
c.
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in pith scattered throughout ground tissue. |
d.
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in cortex scattered throughout ground tissue. |
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66. |
The center region of ground tissue in a herbaceous stem is known as the
a.
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sapwood. |
c.
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pith. |
b.
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nodes. |
d.
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cortex. |
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67. |
Leaves connect to the stems of plants at the
a.
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lateral buds. |
c.
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nodes. |
b.
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pith. |
d.
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internodes. |
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68. |
Leaves with an undivided blade are called
a.
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tendrils. |
c.
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compound. |
b.
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spines. |
d.
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simple. |
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69. |
leaves : carbon dioxide from the air ::
a.
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leaves : water from the air |
c.
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roots : carbon dioxide from the air |
b.
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roots : light from the air |
d.
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roots : nutrients from the soil |
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70. |
Garden-pea tendrils are specialized leaves for
a.
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photosynthesis. |
c.
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respiration. |
b.
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climbing. |
d.
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absorption. |
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71. |
The tissue of the leaf mesophyll that is located directly below the upper epidermis and consists of tightly packed column-shaped cells is the
a.
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palisade layer. |
c.
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adventitious layer. |
b.
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cortex. |
d.
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pith. |
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Four Different Kinds of Leaves
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72. |
Refer to the illustration above. Which of the leaves is a compound leaf?
a.
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leaf a |
c.
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leaf c |
b.
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leaf b |
d.
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leaf d |
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73. |
Refer to the illustration above. Which of the leaves is most likely to be a leaf from a monocot?
a.
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leaf a |
c.
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leaf c |
b.
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leaf b |
d.
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leaf d |
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The diagram below shows a leaf cross section.
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74. |
Refer to the illustration above. The vein illustrated is made up of
a.
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only xylem vessels. |
c.
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both xylem and phloem vessels. |
b.
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only phloem vessels. |
d.
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neither xylem nor phloem vessels. |
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75. |
Refer to the illustration above. The spongy layer is indicated by the letter
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76. |
Refer to the illustration above. All of the following relate to structure A except that it
a.
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is the cuticle. |
c.
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covers the epidermis. |
b.
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protects the leaf. |
d.
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conducts photosynthesis. |
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77. |
The first sign of germination is the emergence of the embryo’s
a.
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shoot. |
c.
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stem. |
b.
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root. |
d.
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flowers. |
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78. |
Plants grow in regions of active cell division called
a.
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meristems. |
c.
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phloem. |
b.
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xylem. |
d.
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dermal tissue. |
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79. |
Meristems are found
a.
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only at the tips of roots. |
c.
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at the tips of roots and shoots. |
b.
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only at the tips of shoots. |
d.
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at the center of roots and shoots. |
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80. |
Plant development is similar to animal development because
a.
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a plant continues to develop throughout its life. |
b.
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plants are more strongly influenced by the environment. |
c.
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newly formed plant cells differentiate to form specialized tissues. |
d.
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plant development can be reversed. |
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81. |
During periods of primary growth at apical meristems, stems and roots
a.
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become wider. |
c.
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maintain a constant number of cells. |
b.
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become longer. |
d.
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undergo meiosis. |
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82. |
Refer to the illustration above. Outer bark is produced by
a.
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layer 2. |
c.
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layer 5. |
b.
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layer 4. |
d.
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layer 7. |
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83. |
Refer to the illustration above. The cells that produce the secondary xylem are labeled as
a.
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layer 2. |
c.
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layer 4. |
b.
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layer 3. |
d.
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layer 5. |
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84. |
Refer to the illustration above. Secondary xylem is indicated by the cells labeled as
a.
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layer 1. |
c.
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layer 5. |
b.
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layer 3. |
d.
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layer 7. |
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85. |
Secondary xylem and phloem form from
a.
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cork cambium. |
c.
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apical meristems. |
b.
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vascular cambium. |
d.
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bark. |
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86. |
In a woody stem, cork cambium
a.
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forms phloem. |
c.
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produces the cells of the outer bark. |
b.
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forms xylem. |
d.
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becomes vascular cambium. |
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87. |
secondary growth : width ::
a.
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secondary growth : height |
c.
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apical meristem : width |
b.
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lateral meristem : length |
d.
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primary growth : length |
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88. |
xylem : inner side of vascular cambium ::
a.
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vascular cambium : cork cambium |
b.
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outer side of vascular cambium : cork |
c.
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phloem : outer side of vascular cambium |
d.
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phloem : cork cambium |
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89. |
Photosynthesis enables plants to produce most of the organic molecules that they need. This process requires the use of all of the following except
a.
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carbon dioxide. |
c.
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light. |
b.
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water. |
d.
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glucose. |
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90. |
The movement of water through a plant is caused by
a.
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the attraction of water molecules to sugar molecules. |
b.
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the force of osmosis drawing water into the roots. |
c.
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transpiration from leaves and stems. |
d.
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translocation of sugars in the stems. |
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91. |
The loss of water vapor through the leaves of a plant is called
a.
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translocation. |
c.
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active transport. |
b.
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osmosis. |
d.
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transpiration. |
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92. |
The guard cells that surround a stoma
a.
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have no walls. |
b.
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swell with water, causing the stoma to open. |
c.
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shrink when opening the stoma. |
d.
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are responsible for translocation. |
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93. |
The transport of food from the leaves to the rest of the plant is called
a.
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translocation. |
c.
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active transport. |
b.
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osmosis. |
d.
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transpiration. |
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94. |
One model that explains the movement of sugar in a plant is known as the
a.
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transpiration model. |
c.
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pressure-flow model. |
b.
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translocation model. |
d.
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source-sink model. |
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The diagrams below illustrate an experiment that was performed to better understand how plants grow toward the light. Diagram A illustrates the cut tip of a seedling that was put on a block of agar.
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95. |
Refer to the illustration above. The plant growth hormone that was discovered in this experiment is called
a.
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auxin. |
c.
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ethylene. |
b.
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gibberellin. |
d.
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cytokinin. |
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96. |
Refer to the illustration above. A hormone caused the stem in diagram C to bend by
a.
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exerting a cohesive force on the stem. |
b.
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causing cells to reproduce at a greater rate. |
c.
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causing cells on one side to elongate. |
d.
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translocation. |
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97. |
A plant hormone that is produced primarily in root tips is
a.
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auxin. |
c.
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ethylene. |
b.
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cytokinin. |
d.
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gibberellin. |
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98. |
Which of the following hormones normally exists in a gaseous state?
a.
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auxin |
c.
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ethylene |
b.
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cytokinin |
d.
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gibberellin |
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99. |
All of the following generally cause tropisms in plants except
a.
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light. |
c.
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touch. |
b.
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gravity. |
d.
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heat. |
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100. |
When vines grow, they often wrap tendrils around objects for support. The tendrils wrap because of
a.
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thigmotropism. |
c.
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phototropism. |
b.
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gravitropism. |
d.
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chance. |
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Newly Germinated Seedling
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101. |
Refer to the illustration above. Which part of the plant indicates positive phototropism?
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102. |
Refer to the illustration above. Which part of the plant indicates positive gravitropism?
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103. |
shoots : negative gravitropism ::
a.
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light stimulations : gravitropism |
c.
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shoots : negative phototropism |
b.
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gravity movements : phototropism |
d.
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roots : positive gravitropism |
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104. |
The response of plants to periods of light and dark is called
a.
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seasonal. |
c.
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daily activity. |
b.
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photoperiodism. |
d.
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nocturnal variation. |
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105. |
Nastic movements in plants result when
a.
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some cells grow more than others. |
b.
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the water content of certain cells changes. |
c.
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the plant has been exposed to warm temperatures. |
d.
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seasonal conditions change suddenly. |
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Completion
Complete each statement.
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106. |
The ____________________ tissue forms the protective outer layer of a plant.
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107. |
Dermal tissue functions in ____________________ as well as in protection and the absorption of mineral nutrients.
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108. |
Vascular tissues are specialized cells that move ____________________, nutrients, and other materials through the plant body.
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109. |
The tissues that transport water, minerals, and nutrients within a plant make up the ____________________ system.
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110. |
Narrow, elongated, thick-walled cells that taper at each end and conduct water and mineral nutrients are called ____________________.
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111. |
Certain conducting cells in the vascular system cannot perform their functions until they have lost most of their ____________________.
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112. |
The ____________________ of plants absorb water and minerals necessary for growth.
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113. |
The two main types of root systems are fibrous root systems and ____________________ systems.
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114. |
Flexible, soft, and usually green stems are known as ____________________ stems.
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115. |
The darker, non-conducting wood in the center of a tree trunk is called ____________________.
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116. |
In ____________________ stems, the vascular bundles are arranged in a ring with ground tissue surrounding the ring.
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117. |
The broad, flat portion of a typical leaf is called the ____________________.
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118. |
In order for seeds to sprout, environmental conditions must be ____________________.
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119. |
Refer to the diagram above. The structure labeled A in the diagram above is called the ____________________.
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120. |
Refer to the diagram above. The structure labeled X is called the ____________________.
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121. |
Resumption of growth by a plant embryo in a seed is called ____________________.
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122. |
Seeds typically enter a period of dormancy before they ____________________.
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123. |
The process by which cells become specialized in form and function is called ____________________.
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124. |
Plants grow in regions of active cell division at the tips of roots and shoots called ____________________.
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125. |
Growth that occurs from the formation of new cells at the tip of a plant is called ____________________.
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126. |
Plant tissues that result from primary growth are called ____________________.
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127. |
Cell division in the parts of plants called ____________________ add layers of new cells around the outside of a plant’s body.
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128. |
Wood consists primarily of ____________________ cells.
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129. |
The thickening of a plant body by the production of new xylem and phloem is called ____________________ growth.
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130. |
A lateral meristem that produces secondary vascular tissue is called the ____________________.
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131. |
A lateral meristem that produces the cork cells of the outer bark is called the ____________________.
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132. |
The process that causes a plant to increase in width is called ____________________.
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133. |
Raw materials required by plants are carbon dioxide, water, oxygen, and ____________________ nutrients.
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134. |
Nitrogen is an important component of proteins, ____________________, chlorophylls, and coenzymes.
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135. |
ATP contains the mineral nutrient ____________________.
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136. |
As water evaporates from the surface of leaves, more water is ____________________ up the plant.
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137. |
When the guard cells that surround a stoma lose water, the stoma ____________________.
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138. |
Changes in ____________________ within the guard cells cause stoma to open and close.
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139. |
Transpiration ____________________ when stomata close.
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140. |
The transport of organic molecules from the leaves to the rest of the plant is called ____________________.
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141. |
The leaves of plants are categorized as ____________________ because they are the primary photosynthetic organs.
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142. |
Organic nutrients in plants move from a(n) ____________________ to a(n) ____________________.
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143. |
A(n) ____________________ is a chemical produced in one part of an organism and transported to another part of the organism, where it causes a response.
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144. |
____________________ is a hormone that stimulates fruits to ripen.
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145. |
The bending of a plant’s stem toward light is an example of a _________________________.
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146. |
A growth response of plants in which the direction of growth is determined by the direction from which a stimulus comes is called a(n) ____________________.
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147. |
Because of ____________________, the seeds and buds of many plants delay growth until they have been exposed to a certain number of hours of cold temperatures.
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148. |
A long-day plant will flower when ____________________ are shorter than a specific number of hours.
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149. |
Nastic movements are plant responses that are ____________________ of the direction from which the stimulus comes.
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150. |
The rapid folding of the leaves of a sensitive plant are the result of a(n) ____________________.
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