Multiple Choice
Identify the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question.
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1. |
The ultimate source of energy for almost all living organisms is:
a.
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heat. |
b.
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glucose. |
c.
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carbohydrates. |
d.
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lipids. |
e.
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the sun. |
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2. |
Energy stored within the molecules of ATP is in the form of ____________ energy.
a.
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kinetic |
b.
|
heat |
c.
|
potential |
d.
|
nuclear |
e.
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light |
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3. |
Most components of energy conversion systems evolved very early; thus, the most fundamental aspects of energy metabolism tend to be:
a.
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quite different among a diverse group of organisms. |
b.
|
very different among plants and animals. |
c.
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the same among the autotrophs but different among heterotrophs. |
d.
|
the same among prokaryotes but different among eukaryotes. |
e.
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very similar in a wide range of different organisms. |
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4. |
Kilojoules are:
a.
|
units of heat energy. |
b.
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units of matter. |
c.
|
units of work. |
d.
|
units of kinetics. |
e.
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units of mechanical change. |
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5. |
The life and death of cells are governed by:
a.
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the laws of thermodynamics. |
b.
|
only the first law of thermodynamics. |
c.
|
only the second law of thermodynamics. |
d.
|
only the third law of thermodynamics. |
e.
|
the laws of dynamic equilibrium. |
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6. |
In order for a cell to maintain a high degree of order it must:
a.
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constantly release energy. |
b.
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constantly produce energy. |
c.
|
constantly destroy energy. |
d.
|
constantly use energy. |
e.
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constantly increase energy. |
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7. |
Select the false statement:
a.
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Matter is anything that has mass and takes up space. |
b.
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Energy is the capacity to do work. |
c.
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Work is any change in the state or motion of matter. |
d.
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Mass is a form of energy. |
e.
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All of the above statements are true. |
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8. |
Which of the following statements is contrary to the first law of thermodynamics?
a.
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When gasoline is burned, its energy is destroyed. |
b.
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Energy can be transferred or converted from one form to another. |
c.
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Matter can be converted into energy. |
d.
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The amount of energy in the universe is constant. |
e.
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All of the above statements are not contrary to the first law of thermodynamics. |
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9. |
Only 20% to 30% of the energy stored in the chemical bonds of gasoline molecules is transformed into mechanical energy; the other 70% to 80% is dissipated as waste heat. Which statement explains this phenomenon?
a.
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The first law of thermodynamics. |
b.
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The second law of thermodynamics. |
c.
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When energy is converted from one form to another, some of the energy is converted into heat. |
d.
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Both A and B. |
e.
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Both B and C. |
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10. |
An organism can exchange matter and energy with its surroundings. Thus, any change in an organism’s energy content must be balanced by a corresponding change in the energy content of the surroundings. As such, an organism is referred to as:
a.
|
a closed system. |
b.
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an open system. |
c.
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a dynamic system. |
d.
|
a thermally reactive system. |
e.
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a potential system. |
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11. |
Catabolic reactions involve the:
a.
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breakdown of large organic molecules to simple building blocks. |
b.
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breakdown of life sustaining processes within cells. |
c.
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building up of complex organic molecules from simple building blocks. |
d.
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anabolic production of complex molecules. |
e.
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expenditure of energy. |
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12. |
Pathways that have an overall energy requirement are referred to as:
a.
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catabolic reactions. |
b.
|
anabolic reactions. |
c.
|
energy-releasing reactions. |
d.
|
energetically feasible reactions. |
e.
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reactions that will proceed spontaneously. |
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13. |
Every type of chemical bond contains a certain amount of energy. The total bond energy, which is essentially equivalent to the total potential energy of the system, is a quantity known as:
a.
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entropy. |
b.
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kinetic energy. |
c.
|
thermodynamic energy. |
d.
|
enthalpy. |
e.
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free energy. |
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14. |
Which of the following accurately represents the relationship between the terms anabolism, catabolism, and metabolism?
a.
|
anabolism = catabolism |
b.
|
metabolism = catabolism |
c.
|
catabolism = anabolism + metabolism |
d.
|
anabolism = catabolism + metabolism |
e.
|
metabolism = catabolism + anabolism |
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15. |
The sum of all chemical activities taking place in an organism is:
a.
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anabolism. |
b.
|
catabolism. |
c.
|
metabolism. |
d.
|
dehydration synthesis. |
e.
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condensation reactions. |
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16. |
Which word is defined by this statement: a measure of this disorder, or randomness?
a.
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energy |
b.
|
entropy |
c.
|
enthalpy |
d.
|
mass |
e.
|
catabolism |
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17. |
The equation, G = H – TS, predicts that:
a.
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as entropy increases, the amount of free energy decreases. |
b.
|
as enthalpy increases, the amount of free energy increases. |
c.
|
as enthalpy decreases, the amount of entropy also decreases. |
d.
|
metabolism decreases proportionately to anabolism. |
e.
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metabolism increases proportionately to catabolism. |
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18. |
A reaction with a negative value of DG is referred to as an _________________ reaction.
a.
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endergonic |
b.
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entropy |
c.
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exergonic |
d.
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enthalpy |
e.
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activation |
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19. |
Which of the following statements is true of spontaneous reactions?
a.
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The amount of free energy after the reaction is less than before the reaction. |
b.
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The amount of disorder after the reaction is less than before the reaction. |
c.
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The amount of free energy after the reaction is more than before the reaction. |
d.
|
The amount of disorder is the same before and after the reaction. |
e.
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The amount of enthalpy is more after the reaction than before the reaction. |
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20. |
An exergonic reaction is considered to be:
a.
|
spontaneous. |
b.
|
potentially spontaneous. |
c.
|
endergonic. |
d.
|
non-spontaneous. |
e.
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energy requiring. |
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21. |
When the free energy of the reactants is greater than the free energy of the products, such a reaction is referred to as:
a.
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an entropic reaction. |
b.
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an endergonic reaction. |
c.
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an exergonic reaction. |
d.
|
an enthalpic reaction. |
e.
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an activation reaction. |
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Figure 06-01
Use the figure below to answer the corresponding questions.
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22. |
Which of the following statements about Figure 06-01 is true?
a.
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The reactants have more free energy than the products. |
b.
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The products have more free energy than the reactants. |
c.
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The figure represents a spontaneous reaction. |
d.
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The figure represents an endergonic reaction. |
e.
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B and D |
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23. |
Which of the following conclusions can be accurately derived from Figure 06-01?
a.
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DS is positive. |
b.
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DH equals zero. |
c.
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DG is positive. |
d.
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DG is negative. |
e.
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DT is negative. |
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24. |
An endergonic reaction can proceed only if it absorbs:
a.
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more free energy than is released by a coupled exergonic reaction. |
b.
|
less free energy than was released by a coupled endergonic reaction. |
c.
|
less free energy than is released by a coupled exergonic reaction. |
d.
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the same amount of free energy that is absorbed by the enzymatic breakdown of proteins. |
e.
|
energy from ADP, forming ATP. |
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25. |
In a reaction in which the rate of the reverse reaction is equal to the rate of the forward reaction, a state of ____________ is attained.
a.
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total entropy |
b.
|
enthalpy |
c.
|
thermodynamics |
d.
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dynamic equilibrium |
e.
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product reversibility |
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26. |
The ATP molecule is said to have a high group transfer potential because its terminal phosphate group and some of its energy is readily transferred to other:
a.
|
organisms. |
b.
|
cells. |
c.
|
organelles. |
d.
|
molecules. |
e.
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sources of energy. |
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27. |
The reaction ATP + H2O ® ADP + Pi is classified as an:
a.
|
endergonic reaction. |
b.
|
enthalpy reaction. |
c.
|
entropy reaction. |
d.
|
exergonic reaction. |
e.
|
intermediate phosphorylation reaction. |
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28. |
The maintenance of a high ATP to ADP ratio within cells ensures that:
a.
|
the hydrolysis of ADP to ATP will be strongly exergonic. |
b.
|
the hydrolysis of ATP to ADP will be strongly exergonic. |
c.
|
the hydrolysis of ATP to ADP will be strongly endergonic. |
d.
|
the hydrolysis of ADP to ATP will be an energy releasing reaction. |
e.
|
the conversion of ADP to ATP will proceed spontaneously. |
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29. |
Consider the following two chemical equations:
A) glucose + fructose ® sucrose + H2O, DG = +27kJ/mole (or +6.5 kcal/mole) |
B) glucose + fructose + ATP ® sucrose + ADP + Pi, DG = -5kJ/mole (or -1.2 kcal/mole) |
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The free energy change difference between the chemical equations (A) and (B) above is accomplished by:
a.
|
a decrease in activation energy. |
b.
|
combining two endergonic reactions. |
c.
|
combining an endergonic and an exergonic reaction. |
d.
|
combining two exergonic reactions. |
e.
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measuring the reaction rate. |
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30. |
The transfer of electrons from one compound to another is equivalent to _______________ transfer.
a.
|
heat |
b.
|
oxygen |
c.
|
enzymatic |
d.
|
phosphorus |
e.
|
energy |
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31. |
____________ is a process where energy (as electrons) is released, whereas ____________ is a process where energy (as electrons) is accepted.
a.
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Reduction; oxidation |
b.
|
Enthalpy; entropy |
c.
|
Entropy; enthalpy |
d.
|
Oxidation; reduction |
e.
|
Anabolism; catabolism |
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32. |
XH2 + NAD+ ® X + NADH + H+. In the preceding equation, NAD+ is said to be:
a.
|
an enzyme. |
b.
|
storing two hydrogen atoms. |
c.
|
reduced. |
d.
|
oxidized. |
e.
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a catalyst. |
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33. |
Select the compound that contains the most energy:
a.
|
AMP |
b.
|
ADP |
c.
|
ATP |
d.
|
P |
e.
|
Cannot determine using the information provided. |
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34. |
Select the phosphorylation reaction:
a.
|
glucose + fructose ® sucrose + H2O |
b.
|
glucose + ATP ® glucose-P + ADP |
c.
|
glucose-P + fructose ® sucrose + Pi |
d.
|
glucose + glucose ® maltose |
e.
|
None of the reactions are phosphorylation reactions. |
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35. |
Select the hydrogen acceptor molecule that stores electrons in the process of photosynthesis:
a.
|
nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) |
b.
|
nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADP+) |
c.
|
flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD) |
d.
|
adenine triphosphate (ATP) |
e.
|
adenine diphosphate (ADP) |
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36. |
Select the reduced molecule:
a.
|
NAD+ |
b.
|
FAD |
c.
|
NADH |
d.
|
H- |
e.
|
None of the molecules are reduced. |
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37. |
FAD and cytochromes are classified as:
a.
|
hydrogen or electron acceptors. |
b.
|
phosphate oxidizers. |
c.
|
phosphate reducers. |
d.
|
proteins that donate hydrogens or electrons. |
e.
|
redox intermediate catalysts. |
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38. |
Enzymes are important biological catalysts because they:
a.
|
supply the energy to initiate a biochemical reaction. |
b.
|
increase the free energy of a biochemical reaction. |
c.
|
lower the entropy of a biochemical reaction. |
d.
|
decrease the enthalpy of a biochemical reaction. |
e.
|
lower the activation energy of a biochemical reaction. |
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39. |
Because enzymes affect the speed of chemical reactions without being consumed, they are referred to as:
a.
|
hydrogen acceptors. |
b.
|
activation energy. |
c.
|
catalysts. |
d.
|
cytochromes. |
e.
|
transformation proteins. |
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Figure 06-02
Use the figure below to answer the corresponding questions.
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40. |
In Figure 06-02 the line on the graph labeled B represents the:
a.
|
activation energy with an enzyme. |
b.
|
activation energy without an enzyme. |
c.
|
free energy of the reactants. |
d.
|
change in entropy. |
e.
|
change in enthalpy. |
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41. |
In Figure 06-02 the line on the graph labeled C represents the:
a.
|
activation energy with an enzyme. |
b.
|
activation energy without an enzyme. |
c.
|
change in free energy. |
d.
|
change in entropy. |
e.
|
change in enthalpy. |
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42. |
Parts of the enzyme molecule that interact with a substrate are called:
a.
|
cofactors. |
b.
|
active sites. |
c.
|
induced-fit models. |
d.
|
orientation sites. |
e.
|
reaction sites. |
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43. |
Hydrolases are one important class of enzyme that function to catalyze:
a.
|
splitting a molecule using water. |
b.
|
conversions between isomers. |
c.
|
reactions in which double bonds are formed. |
d.
|
oxidation-reduction reactions. |
e.
|
None of the above. |
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44. |
Which of the following does not represent a method by which cells regulate enzyme activity?
a.
|
controlling the intracellular concentration of the enzyme |
b.
|
feedback inhibition of enzymes |
c.
|
the binding of allosteric regulators to allosteric sites on the enzyme |
d.
|
differential gene expression of the genes that produce enzymes |
e.
|
heat denaturation of the enzyme |
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45. |
Competitive inhibitors inhibit biochemical reactions in such a way as to seemingly:
a.
|
increase the concentration of substrate. |
b.
|
reduce the concentration of enzyme. |
c.
|
increase the concentration of enzyme. |
d.
|
reduce the concentration of substrate. |
e.
|
denature the enzyme. |
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46. |
Penicillin is a drug that acts by:
a.
|
irreversibly inhibiting transpeptidase. |
b.
|
reversibly inhibiting transpeptidase. |
c.
|
competitively inhibiting transpeptidase. |
d.
|
noncompetitively inhibiting transpeptidase. |
e.
|
None of the above. |
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47. |
An allosteric enzyme:
a.
|
has an active site that binds to the substrate and an allosteric site that binds to the product. |
b.
|
allows the movement of molecules and ions from one part of the cell to another. |
c.
|
catalyzes both oxidation and reduction reactions. |
d.
|
raises a reaction’s activation energy so that the rate of the reaction declines. |
e.
|
allows a substance other than the substrate to bind to the enzyme, thereby activating or inactivating it. |
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48. |
If one continues to increase the temperature in an enzyme-catalyzed reaction, the rate of the reaction:
a.
|
does not change. |
b.
|
increases and then levels off. |
c.
|
decreases and then levels off. |
d.
|
increases and then decreases rapidly. |
e.
|
decreases and then increases rapidly. |
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|
49. |
Select the false statement regarding activation energy:
a.
|
Exergonic reactions have an energy of activation. |
b.
|
Endergonic reactions have an energy of activation. |
c.
|
Enzymes lower a reaction’s activation energy. |
d.
|
Catalysts raise a reaction’s activation energy. |
e.
|
All of the statements are true. |
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50. |
The substance on which an enzyme acts:
a.
|
substrate |
b.
|
product |
c.
|
ATP |
d.
|
free energy |
e.
|
None of the above. |
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51. |
Select the name of the concept of the binding of a substrate to the enzyme causing a change in the enzyme’s shape, facilitating an enzymes function.
a.
|
active site |
b.
|
cofactor |
c.
|
activation energy |
d.
|
induced fit |
e.
|
None of the above. |
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52. |
Select the enzyme that does not match the substrate or reaction:
a.
|
sucrase: splits sucrose into glucose and fructose. |
b.
|
lysozyme: breaks down bacterial cell walls. |
c.
|
pepsin: breaks peptide bonds. |
d.
|
trypsin: breaks peptide bonds. |
e.
|
All of the enzymes match the substrates or reactions. |
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53. |
The reaction rate an enzyme catalyzed chemical reaction would not likely be affected by:
a.
|
pH |
b.
|
substrate concentration |
c.
|
temperature |
d.
|
Both A and B. |
e.
|
A, B, and C. |
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54. |
An organic, nonpolypeptide compound that binds to the apoenzyme and serves as a cofactor:
a.
|
coenzyme |
b.
|
catalyst |
c.
|
substrate |
d.
|
mineral |
e.
|
pH |
|
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55. |
Cell respiration is most accurately described as a ______________ process.
a.
|
anabolic |
b.
|
catabolic |
c.
|
metabolic |
d.
|
endergonic |
e.
|
fermentative |
|
|
56. |
Select the anaerobic pathway:
a.
|
aerobic respiration |
b.
|
citric acid cycle |
c.
|
electron transport chain |
d.
|
fermentation |
e.
|
None of the choices are anaerobic. |
|
|
57. |
The transfer of electrons from glucose to oxygen during aerobic respiration takes place in a stepwise fashion through a number of intermediates rather than by direct transfer. This is because:
a.
|
it is chemically impossible to transfer electrons directly from glucose to oxygen. |
b.
|
the chemical intermediates donate some of their electrons in order to increase the electron pool. |
c.
|
the energy of the electrons can be used to make ADP. |
d.
|
the energy of the electrons can be used to make ATP. |
e.
|
None of the above. |
|
|
58. |
The splitting of molecules into smaller components is referred to as:
a.
|
anabolism. |
b.
|
metabolism. |
c.
|
catabolism. |
d.
|
redox. |
e.
|
photosynthesis. |
|
|
59. |
Anabolic reactions:
a.
|
are generally endergonic. |
b.
|
usually require ATP. |
c.
|
are part of metabolism. |
d.
|
may produce polysaccarides from monosaccharides. |
e.
|
All of the above. |
|
|
60. |
Aerobic respiration is classified as:
a.
|
a synthesis reaction. |
b.
|
a hydrolysis reaction. |
c.
|
a redox process. |
d.
|
a polymerization reaction. |
e.
|
an anabolic process. |
|
|
61. |
Aerobic respiration, anaerobic respiration, and fermentation:
a.
|
are endergonic pathways. |
b.
|
release free energy. |
c.
|
require oxygen. |
d.
|
are also known as organismic respiration. |
e.
|
are anabolic pathways. |
|
|
62. |
During chemiosmosis, ____________ are transferred from NADH and FADH2 to electron acceptor molecules, and the energy released is used to create a(an) ____________ gradient across the inner mitochondrial membrane.
a.
|
protons; electron |
b.
|
electrons; proton |
c.
|
ATP molecules; ADP molecule |
d.
|
ADP molecules; ATP molecule |
e.
|
water molecules; oxygen |
|
|
63. |
The overall reaction for the aerobic respiration of glucose is summarized as:
a.
|
C6H12O6 + 6 O2 + 6 H2O ® 6 CO2 + 12 H2O + Energy. |
b.
|
C4H12O4 + 12 H2O + 6 CO2 ® 6 O2 + ATP + Energy. |
c.
|
C4H12O4 + 6 O2 + 6 H2O ® 6 CO2 + ATP + Energy. |
d.
|
C4H12O2 + 6 O2 + ATP ® 6 CO2 + 12 H2O + Energy. |
e.
|
C6H12O6 + 6 H2O ® 6 CO2 + 12 H2 + Energy. |
|
|
64. |
In aerobic respiration, glucose is completely:
a.
|
reduced to ATP. |
b.
|
reduced to energy. |
c.
|
oxidized to water. |
d.
|
oxidized to carbon dioxide. |
e.
|
oxidized and reduced simultaneously. |
|
|
65. |
Which of the following is not one of the stages of the aerobic respiration of glucose?
a.
|
glycolysis |
b.
|
formation of acetyl CoA |
c.
|
hydrolysis |
d.
|
citric acid cycle |
e.
|
electron transport |
|
|
66. |
Which process does not match the products?
a.
|
electron transport and chemiosmosis—ATP, H2O, NAD+, FAD |
b.
|
citric acid cycle—CO2, NADH, FADH2, ATP |
c.
|
formation of acetyl CoA—Acetyl CoA, CO2, NADH |
d.
|
glycolysis—pyruvate, ATP, NADH |
e.
|
All of the processes match the products. |
|
|
67. |
Which process does not match the starting materials?
a.
|
electron transport and chemiosmosis—NADH, FADH2, O2, ADP, Pi |
b.
|
glycolysis—glucose, ATP, NAD+, ADP, Pi |
c.
|
citric acid cycle—acetyl CoA, H2O, NAD+, FAD, ADP, Pi |
d.
|
formation of acetyl CoA—citric acid, CO2, NADH |
e.
|
All of the processes match the starting materials. |
|
|
68. |
Which process does not match the location in skeletal muscle?
a.
|
glycolysis—mitochondrian |
b.
|
formation of acetyl coenzyme A—mitochondrian |
c.
|
citric acid cycle—mitochondrian |
d.
|
electron transport and chemiosmosis—mitochondrian |
e.
|
All of the processes are matched to the correct location. |
|
|
69. |
Decarboxylations:
a.
|
occur as part of the citric acid cycle. |
b.
|
produce CO2 that is then exhaled via breathing. |
c.
|
involve the removal of a carboxyl group (-COOH) from a substrate. |
d.
|
are one type of general reaction that occurs during aerobic respiration. |
e.
|
All of the above. |
|
|
70. |
In aerobic respiration, the electrons associated with the hydrogen atoms in glucose are transferred to:
a.
|
carbon in a series of steps. |
b.
|
oxygen in a series of steps. |
c.
|
NADH in a series of steps. |
d.
|
the mitochondrial membranes. |
e.
|
hydrogen ions. |
|
|
71. |
In eukaryotes, glycolysis occurs in the:
a.
|
mitochondrial inner membrane. |
b.
|
lysosomes. |
c.
|
Golgi complex. |
d.
|
cytosol. |
e.
|
mitochondrial matrix. |
|
|
72. |
In glycolysis, a six-carbon glucose molecule is converted to two three-carbon molecules of:
a.
|
pyruvate. |
b.
|
acetate. |
c.
|
coenzyme A. |
d.
|
oxaloacetate. |
e.
|
citrate. |
|
|
73. |
Substrate-level phosphorylation involves the transfer of a phosphate group from:
a.
|
ATP. |
b.
|
ADP. |
c.
|
NADH. |
d.
|
1,3-bisphosphoglycerate. |
e.
|
glucose. |
|
|
74. |
In glycolysis, fructose-1, 6-bisphosphate splits, forming two molecules of:
a.
|
ADP. |
b.
|
citric acid. |
c.
|
G3P. |
d.
|
glucose. |
e.
|
acetyl CoA. |
|
|
75. |
Glycolysis yields a net energy profit of _______ ATP molecules per molecule of glucose.
|
|
76. |
The chemical reaction illustrated in the figure is:
a.
|
the first step in the citric acid cycle. |
b.
|
the energy producing step of glycolysis. |
c.
|
fermentation. |
d.
|
part of the electron transport chain. |
e.
|
None of the above. |
|
|
77. |
In glycolysis, glucose receives two phosphate groups from ____________, thus forming fructose-1, 6-bisphosphate.
a.
|
ADP |
b.
|
ATP |
c.
|
a bisphosphate group |
d.
|
fructose-1, 6-bisphosphate |
e.
|
G3P |
|
|
78. |
NADH and FADH2 are the products of:
a.
|
decarboxylation reactions. |
b.
|
reduction reactions. |
c.
|
glycolysis. |
d.
|
formation of acetyl coenzyme A. |
e.
|
chemiosmosis. |
|
|
79. |
NADH is formed when NAD+ accepts:
a.
|
a proton. |
b.
|
a hydrogen atom. |
c.
|
a pair of protons and an electron. |
d.
|
a proton and a pair of electrons. |
e.
|
two hydrogen atoms. |
|
|
80. |
In chemiosmosis, ATP is produced as hydrogen ions (protons) pass through:
a.
|
the outer mitochondrial membrane. |
b.
|
ATP synthase. |
c.
|
ATP dehydrogenase. |
d.
|
ATP decarboxylase. |
e.
|
a series of electron carriers. |
|
|
81. |
Oxidative decarboxylation of two pyruvates yields:
a.
|
two glucose molecules. |
b.
|
two ATP + four CO2 + two NADH. |
c.
|
two G3P. |
d.
|
two acetyl CoA + two CO2 + 2 NADH. |
e.
|
one fructose-1, 6-bisphosphate. |
|
|
82. |
Considering only glycolysis and the conversion of pyruvate molecules to acetyl CoA molecules, how many NADH molecules will be produced from one glucose molecule?
a.
|
one |
b.
|
two |
c.
|
three |
d.
|
four |
e.
|
five |
|
|
83. |
During the citric acid cycle, each acetyl group entering the cycle yields:
a.
|
1 ATP, 2 NADH, and 3 FADH2. |
b.
|
1 ATP, 3 NADH, and 1 FADH2. |
c.
|
3 ATP, 2 NADH, and 1 FADH2. |
d.
|
4 ATP, 2 NADH, and 1 FADH2. |
e.
|
1 ATP, 2 NADH, and 4 FADH2. |
|
|
84. |
One product of the initial (first) reaction of the citric acid cycle is:
a.
|
ATP. |
b.
|
NADH. |
c.
|
citrate. |
d.
|
oxaloacetate. |
e.
|
acetyl-CoA. |
|
|
85. |
In the citric acid cycle, two acetyl CoA molecules are metabolized to:
a.
|
2 CO2 + 2 ATPs + 2 NADH + 2 FADH. |
b.
|
4 CO2 + 6 NADH + 2 FADH2 + 2 ATP. |
c.
|
fructose-1, 6-bisphosphate. |
d.
|
glucose + 2 CO2 + 2 NADH + 2 FADH2 + 2 ATPs. |
e.
|
2 G3P. |
|
|
86. |
Which of the following steps in the Kreb’s cycle directly produces a molecule of ATP (or GTP)?
a.
|
citrate ® isocitrate |
b.
|
isocitrate ®·-ketoglutarate |
c.
|
succinyl CoA ® succinate |
d.
|
succinate ® fumarate |
e.
|
malate ® oxaloacetate |
|
|
87. |
A glucose molecule that is metabolized via aerobic respiration has been completely broken down and released as CO2 by the end of:
a.
|
fermentation. |
b.
|
the electron transport chain. |
c.
|
glycolysis. |
d.
|
ATP synthesis in the mitochondria. |
e.
|
the citric acid cycle. |
|
|
88. |
Which of the following statements about the electron transport chain is true?
a.
|
Protons are pumped out of the mitochondria by the complexes of the electron transport chain. |
b.
|
The proton gradient established during electron transport is a form of potential energy. |
c.
|
The electron transport chain can be found in the mitochondria of aerobic bacteria and other cells. |
d.
|
The movement of protons down a concentration gradient is an endergonic process. |
e.
|
ATP synthesis associated with the electron transport chain is an example of substrate level phosphorylation. |
|
|
89. |
When hydrogen ions (protons) are pumped across the inner mitochondrial membrane, they form a proton gradient. ATP is then formed by a process known as:
a.
|
glycolysis. |
b.
|
the citric acid cycle. |
c.
|
chemiosmosis. |
d.
|
pyruvate synthesis. |
e.
|
substrate-level phosphorylation. |
|
|
90. |
Chemiosmosis allows exergonic redox processes to drive the endergonic reaction in which:
a.
|
ADP is produced by dephosphorylation of ATP. |
b.
|
glucose is produced from phosphorylation of ADP. |
c.
|
G3P is produced from phosphorylation of ADP. |
d.
|
ATP is produced by phosphorylation of ADP. |
e.
|
pyruvate is converted to acetyl CoA. |
|
|
91. |
Coenzyme Q:
a.
|
transfers electrons. |
b.
|
oxidizes glucose. |
c.
|
is the ultimate source of energy in the citric acid cycle. |
d.
|
transfers phosphate to ATP. |
e.
|
reduces glucose. |
|
|
92. |
The role of the oxygen molecules required for aerobic respiration is:
a.
|
to accept the low energy electrons at the end of the electron transport chain. |
b.
|
to form ATP. |
c.
|
to produce CO2. |
d.
|
to store high energy electrons to pass to complex I of the electron transport chain. |
e.
|
to accept electrons directly from either NADH or FAHD2. |
|
|
93. |
During aerobic respiration, oxygen is:
a.
|
formed. |
b.
|
reduced. |
c.
|
oxidized. |
d.
|
catabolized. |
e.
|
decarboxylated. |
|
|
94. |
In the skeletal muscle cells of vertebrates, as many as ____________ molecules of ATP are produced from one molecule of glucose. This is less than might be expected, because electrons from NADH produced during glycolysis must be shuttled through the ____________ mitochondrial membrane at a cost.
a.
|
2; outer |
b.
|
2; inner |
c.
|
38; inner |
d.
|
6; outer |
e.
|
36; inner |
|
|
95. |
Organismal body heat is a:
a.
|
byproduct of endergonic reactions. |
b.
|
product of glucose synthesis. |
c.
|
byproduct of exergonic reactions. |
d.
|
product of anabolism. |
e.
|
product of ATP synthesis. |
|
|
96. |
Select the processes that are matched with the incorrect amount of ATP produced by that process per glucose molecule.
a.
|
glycolysis—2 ATP (net) |
b.
|
citric acid cycle—4 ATP |
c.
|
electron transport chain—32 ATP |
d.
|
alcohol fermentation—2 ATP |
e.
|
lactate fermentation—2 ATP |
|
|
97. |
Select the incorrect match between the molecule and the amount of ATP produced if that particular molecule is completely oxidized in aerobic respiration:
a.
|
FAD—2 ATP |
b.
|
NAD—2 ATP |
c.
|
glucose—36 to 38 ATP |
d.
|
pyruvic acid—34 to 36 ATP |
e.
|
All of the answer choices are correctly matched. |
|
|
98. |
A drowning death would be most directly due to:
a.
|
The unavailability of glucose to feed into glycolysis. |
b.
|
The accumulation of lactate in the muscle tissue due to anaerobic respiration. |
c.
|
The breakdown of pyruvate into ethyl alcohol. |
d.
|
The lack of oxygen to accept hydrogen. |
e.
|
There is not sufficient information to determine which answer is correct. |
|
|
99. |
Select the statement that does not support the endosymbiosis theory:
a.
|
Bacteria, mitochondria, and chloroplasts have circular DNA. |
b.
|
To produce ATP bacteria, cell membranes utilize an electron transport chain similar to mitochondrial membranes. |
c.
|
Mitochondria and chloroplasts reproduce independently of the eukaryotic cells that house them. |
d.
|
Bacteria, mitochondria, and chloroplasts all use glucose for fuel. |
e.
|
All of the statements support endosymbiosis. |
|
|
100. |
Peter Mitchell demonstrated ATP production by aerobic bacteria by placing the bacteria in:
a.
|
an acidic environment. |
b.
|
a basic environment. |
c.
|
an aqueous environment. |
d.
|
a buffered environment. |
e.
|
None of the answer choices are correct. |
|
|
101. |
One gram of ____________ contains more than twice the amount of energy of a gram of glucose.
a.
|
amino acids |
b.
|
lipids |
c.
|
ATP |
d.
|
protein |
e.
|
starch |
|
|
102. |
Which of the following molecules can be used as a substrate for cellular respiration?
a.
|
glucose |
b.
|
fats |
c.
|
proteins |
d.
|
polysaccharides |
e.
|
All of the above. |
|
|
103. |
Deamination of amino acids in mammals yields amino groups that are converted to ____________, which is(are) excreted, and ____________, which is(are) converted to one of the reactants of glycolysis or the citric acid cycle.
a.
|
urea; carbon chains |
b.
|
amino acids; ATP |
c.
|
amino groups; ADP |
d.
|
carbon chains; amino acids |
e.
|
amines; ATP |
|
|
104. |
Saturated fatty acids store more energy than unsaturated fatty acids because saturated fatty acids:
a.
|
are more highly reduced. |
b.
|
are deaminated. |
c.
|
lack phosphate. |
d.
|
contain more ester linkages. |
e.
|
contain more ATP. |
|
|
105. |
Select the molecule that contains the most stored chemical energy:
a.
|
ethyl alcohol. |
b.
|
water. |
c.
|
carbon dioxide. |
d.
|
lactate. |
e.
|
oxygen. |
|
|
106. |
Which of the following processes or molecules concerning anaerobic respiration is not correctly matched?
a.
|
terminal electron acceptor-inorganic substances such as O2. |
b.
|
immediate fate of electrons in NADH-transferred to electron transport chain. |
c.
|
reduced product(s) formed-relatively reduced inorganic substances. |
d.
|
mechanism of ATP synthesis-oxidative phosphorylation/chemiosmosis and substrate level phosphorylation. |
e.
|
All of the choices are correct. |
|
|
107. |
Select the molecule that contains the least stored chemical energy:
a.
|
ethyl alcohol. |
b.
|
pyruvate. |
c.
|
glucose. |
d.
|
lactate. |
e.
|
oxygen. |
|
|
108. |
One important regulation point in the aerobic respiration of mammals occurs in glycolysis at the site of the enzyme phosphofructokinase, which is:
a.
|
inhibited by high levels of ATP. |
b.
|
inhibited by low levels of ATP. |
c.
|
inhibited by high levels of AMP. |
d.
|
activated by the presence of O2. |
e.
|
activated by the introduction of glucose. |
|
|
109. |
The production of alcohol or lactate from pyruvate during ____________ occurs as a means of regenerating ____________ from ____________.
a.
|
aerobic respiration; NAD+; NADH |
b.
|
fermentation; NAD+; NADH |
c.
|
fermentation; NADH; NAD+ |
d.
|
fermentation; ADP; ATP |
e.
|
aerobic respiration; ATP; ADP |
|
|
110. |
The ability of some bacteria to produce lactate is exploited by humans to make:
a.
|
cheese and ethyl alcohol. |
b.
|
insulin and antibodies. |
c.
|
yogurt and sauerkraut. |
d.
|
ethyl alcohol and carbonic acid. |
e.
|
carbon dioxide and water. |
|
|
111. |
Which of the following statements is not correct about lactic acid fermentation?
a.
|
It is inefficient compared to aerobic respiration. |
b.
|
It uses glucose as a substrate. |
c.
|
It produces two ATP molecules for every glucose molecule. |
d.
|
Oxygen is the final electron acceptor of this pathway. |
e.
|
Glycolysis is the only energy-yielding step of this pathway. |
|
|
112. |
During fermentation, the immediate fate of the electrons in NADH is that they:
a.
|
are transferred to the electron transport chain. |
b.
|
are transferred to an organic molecule. |
c.
|
are transferred to O2. |
d.
|
are used to make CO2. |
e.
|
are used to form H2O. |
|
|
113. |
Which of the following metabolic pathways is common to all cells?
a.
|
photosynthesis |
b.
|
electron transport chain |
c.
|
citric acid cycle |
d.
|
glycolysis |
e.
|
None of the above. |
|
|
114. |
The process by which light energy is converted into the stored chemical energy of organic molecules is:
a.
|
photosynthesis. |
b.
|
respiration. |
c.
|
diffusion. |
d.
|
fermentation. |
e.
|
None of the above. |
|
|
115. |
Which term is not correctly matched with the appropriate energy source or carbon source?
a.
|
heterotroph—organic energy sources |
b.
|
chemotroph—chemical energy sources |
c.
|
phototroph—light energy sources |
d.
|
autotroph—carbon fixation. |
e.
|
All of the choices are correct. |
|
|
116. |
All organisms are classified into two general trophic groups. These two groups are:
a.
|
organic and inorganic. |
b.
|
consumers and decomposers. |
c.
|
autotrophs and producers. |
d.
|
autotrophs and heterotrophs. |
e.
|
anaerobic autotrophs and aerobic autotrophs. |
|
|
117. |
Animals, fungi, and many bacteria that use organic molecules as a source of both energy and carbon are:
a.
|
photoautotrophs. |
b.
|
catabolic autotrophs. |
c.
|
chemoheterotrophs. |
d.
|
photoheterotrophs. |
e.
|
chemoautotrophs. |
|
|
118. |
Plants, algae, and certain bacteria are:
a.
|
inorganic synthesizers. |
b.
|
consumers. |
c.
|
chemosynthetic. |
d.
|
independent trophs. |
e.
|
producers. |
|
|
119. |
What is the correct sequence of wavelengths (beginning with the shortest)?
a.
|
gamma rays, UV, x-rays, infrared, visible light, TV and radio waves, and microwaves |
b.
|
TV and radio waves, microwaves, visible light, UV, infrared, x-rays, and gamma rays |
c.
|
microwaves, gamma rays, UV, visible light, infrared, TV, radio waves, and x-rays |
d.
|
gamma rays, x-rays, UV, visible light, infrared, microwaves, TV and radio waves |
e.
|
gamma rays, x-rays, UV, infrared, visible light, microwaves, and TV and radio waves |
|
|
120. |
Light behaves not only as waves, but also as particles, which are referred to as:
a.
|
electrons. |
b.
|
protons. |
c.
|
photons. |
d.
|
radiation. |
e.
|
neutrons. |
|
|
121. |
An electron absorbs a photon of light energy and becomes energized; the electron shifts from a ____________ atomic orbital to a _____________ atomic orbital.
a.
|
high energy; low energy |
b.
|
fluorescing; ground state |
c.
|
ground state; low energy |
d.
|
low energy; high energy |
e.
|
None of the answer choices are correct. |
|
|
|
Figure 08-01
Use the figure below to answer the corresponding questions.
|
|
122. |
Chloroplasts will be found in the greatest density in the area of Figure 08-01 labeled:
a.
|
1. |
b.
|
3. |
c.
|
4. |
d.
|
6. |
e.
|
7. |
|
|
123. |
The primary function of the leaf structure labeled 5 in Figure 08-01 is:
a.
|
food storage. |
b.
|
photosynthesis. |
c.
|
water transportation. |
d.
|
gas exchange. |
e.
|
nutrient absorption. |
|
|
124. |
The overall reactions of photosynthesis are best summarized as:
a.
|
12 CO2 + 6 H2O ® C6H12O6 + 12 O2 + 6 H2O. |
b.
|
C6H12O6 + 6 O2 + 6 H2O ® 6 CO2 + 12 H2O. |
c.
|
6 CO2 + 12 H2O ® C6H12O6 + 6 O2 + 6 H2O. |
d.
|
6 CO2 + 12 H2O ® C6H12O6 + 12 O2. |
e.
|
6 H2CO3 + 6 H2O ® C6H12O6 + C6H12O6 + 6 H2O + 6 O2. |
|
|
125. |
The ____________________ of a chlorophyll molecule is (are) responsible for absorbing light.
a.
|
carbon atoms |
b.
|
porphyrin ring |
c.
|
methyl group |
d.
|
magnesium ion |
e.
|
long hydrophobic tail |
|
|
126. |
Chlorophyll consists of a porphyrin ring that contains a single atom of:
a.
|
manganese. |
b.
|
magnesium. |
c.
|
phosphorus. |
d.
|
nitrogen. |
e.
|
iron. |
|
|
127. |
Chlorophyll molecules are attached to thylakoid membranes by:
a.
|
a long hydrophobic tail. |
b.
|
the porphyrin ring. |
c.
|
the methyl group. |
d.
|
a magnesium ion. |
e.
|
a hydroxide group. |
|
|
128. |
Chlorophyll and accessory photosynthetic pigments are associated with the:
a.
|
stroma. |
b.
|
thylakoid membranes. |
c.
|
mesophyll membranes. |
d.
|
light reaction centers of the stroma lamellae. |
e.
|
stroma grana. |
|
|
129. |
The action spectrum of photosynthesis best matches the absorption spectrum of:
a.
|
NADPH. |
b.
|
carotenoids. |
c.
|
chlorophyll. |
d.
|
xanthophylls. |
e.
|
anthocyanin. |
|
|
130. |
Red and blue light support the highest rates of photosynthesis because:
a.
|
these are the only wavelengths reaching Earth from the sun. |
b.
|
these are the only wavelengths that carotenoids cannot absorb. |
c.
|
these wavelengths have the highest energy in the visible spectrum. |
d.
|
chlorophyll absorbs these wavelengths more than other wavelengths. |
e.
|
these wavelengths activate the ATP sythetase enzyme. |
|
|
131. |
Substances that absorb visible light:
a.
|
ATP. |
b.
|
NADP. |
c.
|
RuBP. |
d.
|
pigment. |
e.
|
photon. |
|
|
132. |
Chlorophyll absorbs primarily _____ and _____ regions of the visible spectrum.
a.
|
blue; red |
b.
|
green; yellow |
c.
|
red; green |
d.
|
red; yellow |
e.
|
blue; yellow |
|
|
133. |
The most important photosynthetic pigment(s) is(are):
a.
|
carotenoids. |
b.
|
xanthophylls. |
c.
|
chlorophyll a. |
d.
|
chlorophyll b. |
e.
|
All are equally important for photosynthesis. |
|
|
134. |
Accessory photosynthetic pigment that expands the spectrum of light that provides energy for photosynthesis:
a.
|
carotenoids. |
b.
|
chlorophyll a. |
c.
|
chlorophyll b. |
d.
|
Both A and B. |
e.
|
Both A and C. |
|
|
135. |
Engelmann concluded that chlorophyll in the chloroplasts is responsible for photosynthesis based on the following results:
a.
|
Spirogyra cells each contain a long, spiral-shaped, emerald-green chloroplast embedded in the cytoplasm. |
b.
|
The action spectrum of photosynthesis matched the maximum production of oxygen by Spirogyra, observed by the greatest accumulation of bacteria in the blue and red regions of the spectrum. |
c.
|
Bacteria exposed to the action spectrum for photosynthesis showed no preference to any particular color of light. |
d.
|
Accessory pigments transfer some of the energy of excitation produced by green light to chlorophyll molecules. |
e.
|
None of the answer choices are correct. |
|
|
|
Figure 08-02
Use the figure below to answer the corresponding questions.
|
|
136. |
According to the graph in Figure 08-02, chlorophyll absorbs light most strongly in the:
a.
|
red and blue wavelengths. |
b.
|
blue and green wavelengths. |
c.
|
green and yellow wavelengths. |
d.
|
UV and red wavelengths. |
e.
|
UV and infrared wavelengths. |
|
|
137. |
The graph in Figure 08-02 represents the:
a.
|
electromagnetic spectrum. |
b.
|
action spectrum of photosynthesis. |
c.
|
absorption spectra for chlorophylls a and b. |
d.
|
Z scheme for photosynthesis. |
e.
|
None of the above. |
|
|
138. |
During the reactions of photosynthesis, ____________ is reduced and ____________ is oxidized.
a.
|
O2; C6H12O6 |
b.
|
CO2; C6H12O6 |
c.
|
H2O; C6H12O6 |
d.
|
O2; H2O |
e.
|
CO2; H2O |
|
|
139. |
In the overall reactions of photosynthesis, it appears that hydrogen atoms are transferred from water to carbon dioxide to form a carbohydrate. This type of reaction is classified as:
a.
|
a redox reaction. |
b.
|
an anaerobic reaction. |
c.
|
a catabolic reaction. |
d.
|
an oxidation reaction. |
e.
|
a hydrolytic reaction. |
|
|
140. |
A group of thylakoid discs make up:
a.
|
the stroma. |
b.
|
a granum. |
c.
|
a chloroplast. |
d.
|
a vacuole. |
e.
|
the mesophyll layer. |
|
|
141. |
In a chloroplast, there is an outer and an inner membrane. The inner membrane encloses a fluid filled region called the;
a.
|
grana. |
b.
|
stroma. |
c.
|
thylakoid. |
d.
|
pigment. |
e.
|
electron acceptor. |
|
|
142. |
Thylakoid sacs are sometimes arranged in stacks called:
a.
|
grana. |
b.
|
stroma. |
c.
|
lumen. |
d.
|
pigment. |
e.
|
electron acceptor. |
|
|
143. |
Thylakoid membranes are involved in __________ synthesis.
a.
|
glucose |
b.
|
NADP |
c.
|
ATP |
d.
|
RuBP |
e.
|
PEP |
|
|
144. |
Which of the following is not associated with the thylakoid membranes?
a.
|
photosystems I and II |
b.
|
the Calvin-Bensen cycle |
c.
|
electron transport systems |
d.
|
ATP synthetase |
e.
|
antenna complex |
|
|
145. |
The reactions of photosynthesis are divided into two categories:
a.
|
light-independent reactions and carbon fixation reactions. |
b.
|
carbon fixation reactions and oxygen fixation reactions. |
c.
|
light-dependent reactions and carbon fixation reactions. |
d.
|
light-dependent reactions and citric acid cycle. |
e.
|
chemiosmosis and photochemical reactions. |
|
|
146. |
During the light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis, a constant supply of electrons is provided by:
a.
|
water. |
b.
|
oxygen. |
c.
|
the sun. |
d.
|
chlorophyll. |
e.
|
carotenoids. |
|
|
147. |
ATP is formed when __________________ the thylakoid lumen.
a.
|
hydrogen ions enter |
b.
|
hydrogen ions leave |
c.
|
electrons enter |
d.
|
electrons leave |
e.
|
water is split in |
|
|
148. |
The reactions that occur in the thylakoid membranes are:
a.
|
the energy-releasing reactions. |
b.
|
the photorespiration reactions. |
c.
|
the sugar-producing reactions. |
d.
|
the carbon fixation reactions. |
e.
|
the light-dependent reactions. |
|
|
149. |
The electron transport chain of photosynthesis is located in:
a.
|
the cristae. |
b.
|
the mitochondria. |
c.
|
the outer chloroplast membrane. |
d.
|
the chloroplast stroma. |
e.
|
the thylakoid membrane. |
|
|
|
Figure 08-03
Use the figure below to answer the corresponding questions.
|
|
150. |
Carbon is fixed in which part of the diagram in Figure 08-03?
|
|
151. |
Where in Figure 08-03 is NADPH formed?
|
|
152. |
In photosynthesis, ATP and NADPH are produced during:
a.
|
the carbon fixation reactions. |
b.
|
the light-dependent phase. |
c.
|
the light-independent phase. |
d.
|
glycolysis. |
e.
|
photolysis. |
|
|
153. |
12 H2O + 12 NADP+ + 18 ADP + Pi ® 6 O2 + 12 NADPH + 18 ATP summarizes the ____________ reactions of photosynthesis.
a.
|
carbon fixation |
b.
|
light-dependent |
c.
|
light-independent |
d.
|
CAM |
e.
|
electron transport |
|
|
154. |
Reaction center complexes of the light-dependent reactions contain ____________ and ____________, which receive energy from ____________.
a.
|
accessory pigments; chlorophyll; antenna complexes |
b.
|
carotenoids; proteins; chlorophyll |
c.
|
chlorophyll; antenna complexes; carotenoid |
d.
|
proteins; antenna complexes; carotenoid |
e.
|
chlorophyll; proteins; antenna complexes |
|
|
155. |
How many electrons are needed to reduce one molecule of NADP+ to NADPH?
|
|
156. |
Electrons that are excited to a higher energy level may be transferred to an electron acceptor or may return to a ground state. If the latter occurs, energy will be released in a process known as:
a.
|
photoelectron degradation. |
b.
|
fluorescence. |
c.
|
photoelectron hydrolysis. |
d.
|
porphyrin. |
e.
|
photoelectron deconfiguration. |
|
|
157. |
The electrons lost by the P680 reactive center are replaced from:
a.
|
a water molecule. |
b.
|
solar energy. |
c.
|
ATP. |
d.
|
NADP+. |
e.
|
Photosystem II. |
|
|
158. |
Chlorophyll:
a.
|
reflects red and blue light, and absorbs green light. |
b.
|
transmits red and blue light, and absorbs green light. |
c.
|
transmits red and blue light, and reflects green light. |
d.
|
absorbs red and blue light, and reflects green light. |
e.
|
absorbs red, blue, and green light. |
|
|
159. |
The synthesis of ATP as a result of the light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis is an ____________ reaction that is coupled to the diffusion of ____________ down their concentration gradient.
a.
|
endergonic; protons |
b.
|
energy-releasing; hydrogen ions |
c.
|
exergonic; electrons |
d.
|
energy-acquiring; electrons |
e.
|
oxidation; water |
|
|
160. |
The synthesis of ATP during photosynthesis or respiration occurs as a result of:
a.
|
phosphorylation of AMP. |
b.
|
phosphorylation of ATP. |
c.
|
phosphorylation of ADP. |
d.
|
phosphorylation of G3P. |
e.
|
oxidation of NADPH. |
|
|
161. |
Ribulose phosphate is synthesized from:
a.
|
NADP+. |
b.
|
pyruvate. |
c.
|
G3P. |
d.
|
RuBP. |
e.
|
CO2. |
|
|
162. |
The first step in the Calvin-Bensen cycle is the attachment of carbon dioxide to:
a.
|
Rubisco. |
b.
|
glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate (G3P). |
c.
|
phosphoglycerate |
d.
|
RuBP (ribulose bisphosphate). |
e.
|
None of the above. |
|
|
163. |
Which of the following is not one of the intermediates or products of the carbon fixation reactions?
a.
|
NADPH |
b.
|
phosphogylcerate (PGA) |
c.
|
glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate |
d.
|
glucose |
e.
|
ribulose bisphosphate |
|
|
164. |
The reactants of the light-dependent reactions are:
a.
|
H2O, ADP, and NADP+. |
b.
|
CO2, ADP, and NADP+. |
c.
|
H2O, ATP, and NADPH. |
d.
|
CO2, ADP, and NADPH. |
e.
|
H2O, CO2, and NADP+. |
|
|
165. |
The reactants of the Calvin-Benson cycle are:
a.
|
H2O, ATP, and NADPH. |
b.
|
CO2, ADP, and NADP+. |
c.
|
CO2, ATP, and NADPH. |
d.
|
H2O, ATP, and NADPH. |
e.
|
CO2, H2O, and ATP. |
|
|
166. |
Noncyclic electron transport needs a constant supply of electrons. These are obtained from:
a.
|
light. |
b.
|
CO2. |
c.
|
glucose. |
d.
|
H2O. |
e.
|
ATP. |
|
|
167. |
Oxygen produced by photosynthesis comes directly from:
a.
|
light. |
b.
|
CO2. |
c.
|
glucose. |
d.
|
H2O. |
e.
|
ATP. |
|
|
168. |
Which of the following is not common to both photosynthesis and aerobic respiration?
a.
|
ATP synthesis |
b.
|
electron transport chain |
c.
|
oxidation |
d.
|
terminal electron acceptor |
e.
|
None of the above, all are shared by both processes. |
|
|
169. |
Which of the following is common to both photosynthesis and aerobic respiration?
a.
|
NADP+ and NADPH |
b.
|
glycolysis |
c.
|
chemiosmosis |
d.
|
CO2 and O2 as end products |
e.
|
thylakoids |
|
|
170. |
In C4 plants, reactions that fix CO2 into four-carbon compounds occur in:
a.
|
guard cells. |
b.
|
epidermal cells. |
c.
|
bundle sheath cells. |
d.
|
mesophyll cells. |
e.
|
xylem cells. |
|
|
171. |
The ______________ in leaves are typically closed at night and open during the daytime to allow for gas exchange.
a.
|
stomata |
b.
|
epidermis |
c.
|
spongy mesophyll |
d.
|
grana |
e.
|
cuticles |
|
|
172. |
At night, CAM plants incorporate CO2 into ____________, which is stored in the ____________ of their cells.
a.
|
fructose; vacuoles |
b.
|
acetyl CoA; mitochondria |
c.
|
glucose; starch granules |
d.
|
pyruvate; starch granules |
e.
|
malate; vacuoles |
|