How We Study Cells

 1.  Distinguish between magnification and resolving power.

 2.  Describe the principles, advantages, and limitations of the light microscope, transmission electron microscope, and scanning electron microscope.

 3.  Describe the major steps of cell fractionation and explain why it is a useful technique.

A Panoramic View of the Cell

 4.  Distinguish between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.

 5.  Explain why there are both upper and lower limits to cell size.

 6.  Explain the advantages of compartmentalization in eukaryotic cells.

The Nucleus and Ribosomes

 7.  Describe the structure and function of the nuclear envelope, including the role of the pore complex.

 8.  Briefly explain how the nucleus controls protein synthesis in the cytoplasm.

 9.  Explain how the nucleolus contributes to protein synthesis.

10. Describe the structure and function of a eukaryotic ribosome.

11. Distinguish between free and bound ribosomes in terms of location and function.

The Endomembrane System

12. List the components of the endomembrane system, and describe the structure and functions of each component.

13. Compare the structure and functions of smooth and rough ER.

14. Explain the significance of the cis and trans sides of the Golgi apparatus.

15. Describe the cisternal maturation model of Golgi function.

16. Describe three examples of intracellular digestion by lysosomes.

17. Name three different kinds of vacuoles, giving the function of each kind.

Other Membranous Organelles

18. Briefly describe the energy conversions carried out by mitochondria and chloroplasts.

19. Describe the structure of a mitochondrion and explain the importance of compartmentalization in mitochondrial function.

20. Distinguish among amyloplasts, chromoplasts, and chloroplasts.

21. Identify the three functional compartments of a chloroplast. Explain the importance of compartmentalization in chloroplast function.

22. Describe the evidence that mitochondria and chloroplasts are semiautonomous organelles.

23. Explain the roles of peroxisomes in eukaryotic cells.

The Cytoskeleton

24. Describe the functions of the cytoskeleton.

25. Compare the structure, monomers, and functions of microtubules, microfilaments, and intermediate filaments.

26. Explain how the ultrastructure of cilia and flagella relates to their functions.

Cell Surfaces and Junctions

27. Describe the basic structure of a plant cell wall.

28. Describe the structure and list four functions of the extracellular matrix in animal cells.

29. Explain how the extracellular matrix may act to integrate changes inside and outside the cell.