| Sensing,
Acting, and Brains |
| 1. |
Differentiate between
sensation and perception. |
| |
|
| |
Introduction
to Sensory Reception |
| 2. |
Explain the difference
between exteroreceptors and interoreceptors. |
| 3. |
Describe the four general
functions of receptor cells as they convert energy stimuli into
changes in membrane potentials and then transmit signals to the
central nervous system. |
| 4. |
Distinguish between
sensory transduction and receptor potential. |
| 5. |
Explain the importance of
sensory adaptation. |
| 6. |
List the five types of
sensory receptors and explain the energy transduced by each type. |
| |
|
| |
Hearing
and Equilibrium |
| 7. |
Explain the role of
mechanoreceptors in hearing and balance. |
| 8. |
Describe the structure
and function of invertebrate statocysts. |
| 9. |
Explain how insects may
detect sound. |
| 10. |
Refer to a diagram of the
human ear and give the function of each structure. |
| 11. |
Explain how the mammalian
ear functions as a hearing organ. |
| 12. |
Explain how the mammalian
ear functions to maintain body balance and equilibrium. |
| 13. |
Describe the hearing and
equilibrium systems of nonmammalian vertebrates. |
| |
|
| |
Chemoreception:
Taste and Smell |
| 14. |
Explain how the
chemoreceptors involved with taste function in insects and humans. |
| 15. |
Describe what happens
after an odorant binds to an odorant receptor on the plasma
membrane of the olfactory cilia. |
| 16. |
Explain the basis of the
sensory discrimination of human smell. |
| |
|
| |
Photoreceptors
and Vision |
| 17. |
Compare the structures
of, and processing of light by, the eyecups of Planaria,
the compound eye of insects, and the single-lens eyes of molluscs. |
| 18. |
Refer to a diagram of the
vertebrate eye to identify and give the function of each
structure. |
| 19. |
Describe the functions of
the rod cells and cone cells of the vertebrate eye. |
| 20. |
Explain and compare how
the rods and cones of the retina transduce stimuli into action
potentials. |
| 21. |
Explain how the retina
assists the cerebral cortex in the processing of visual
information. |
| |
|
| |
Movement
and Locomotion |
| 22. |
Describe three functions
of a skeleton. |
| 23. |
Describe how hydrostatic
skeletons function and explain why they are not found in large
terrestrial organisms. |
| 24. |
Distinguish between an
exoskeleton and an endoskeleton. |
| 25. |
Explain how the structure
of the arthropod exoskeleton provides both strength and
flexibility. |
| 26. |
Explain how a skeleton
combines with an antagonistic muscle arrangement to provide a
mechanism for movement. |
| 27. |
Explain how body
proportions and posture impact physical support on land. |
| 28. |
Using a diagram, identify
the components of a skeletal muscle cell. |
| 29. |
Explain the
sliding-filament model of muscle contraction. |
| 30. |
Explain how muscle
contraction is controlled. |
| 31. |
Explain how the nervous
system produces graded contraction of whole muscles. |
| 32. |
Explain the adaptive
advantages of slow and fast muscle fibers. |
| 33. |
Distinguish among
skeletal muscle, cardiac muscle, and smooth muscle. |
| 34. |
List the advantages and
disadvantages associated with moving through:
a. an aquatic environment
b. a terrestrial environment
c. air |
| 35. |
Discuss the factors that
affect the energy cost of locomotion. |
