| The
Stages of Embryonic Development in Animals |
| 1. |
Compare the concepts of
preformation and epigenesis. |
| 2. |
List the two functions of
fertilization. |
| 3. |
Describe the acrosomal
reaction and explain how it ensures that gametes are conspecific. |
| 4. |
Describe the cortical
reaction. |
| 5. |
Explain how the fast and
slow blocks to polyspermy function sequentially to prevent
multiple sperm from fertilizing the egg. |
| 6. |
Describe the changes that
occur in an activated egg and explain the importance of
cytoplasmic materials to egg activation. |
| 7. |
Compare fertilization in
a sea urchin and in a mammal. |
| 8. |
Describe the general
process of cleavage. |
| 9. |
Explain the importance of
embryo polarity during cleavage. Compare the characteristics of
the animal hemisphere, vegetal hemisphere, and gray crescent in
amphibian embryos. |
| 10. |
Describe the formation of
a blastula in sea urchin, amphibian, and bird embryos. Distinguish
among meroblastic cleavage, holoblastic cleavage, and the
formation of the blastoderm. |
| 11. |
Describe the product of
cleavage in an insect embryo. |
| 12. |
Describe the process of
gastrulation and explain its importance. Explain how this process
rearranges the embryo. List adult structures derived from each of
the primary germ layers. |
| 13. |
Compare gastrulation in a
sea urchin, a frog, and a chick. |
| 14. |
Describe the formation of
the notochord, neural tube, and somites in a frog. |
| 15. |
Describe the significance
and fate of neural crest cells. Explain why neural crest cells
have been called a “fourth germ layer.” |
| 16. |
List and explain the
functions of the extraembryonic membranes in reptile eggs. |
| 17. |
Describe the events of
cleavage in a mammalian embryo. Explain the significance of the
inner cell mass. |
| 18. |
Explain the role of the
trophoblast in implantation of a human embryo. |
| 19. |
Explain the functions of
the extraembryonic membranes in mammalian development. |
| |
|
| |
The
Cellular and Molecular Basis of Morphogenesis and Differentiation
in Animals |
| 20. |
Describe the significance
of changes in cell shape and cell position during embryonic
development. Explain how these cellular processes occur. Describe
the process of convergent extension. |
| 21. |
Describe the role of the
extracellular matrix in embryonic development. |
| 22. |
Describe the locations
and functions of cell adhesion molecules. |
| 23. |
Describe the two general
principles that integrate our knowledge of the genetic and
cellular mechanisms underlying differentiation. |
| 24. |
Describe the process of
fate mapping and the significance of fate maps. |
| 25. |
Describe the two
important conclusions that have resulted from the experimental
manipulation of parts of embryos and the use of fate maps. |
| 26. |
Explain how the three
body axes are established in early amphibian and chick
development. |
| 27. |
Explain the significance
of SpemannŐs organizer in amphibian development. |
| 28. |
Explain what is known
about the molecular basis of induction. |
| 29. |
Explain pattern formation
in a developing chick limb, including the roles of the apical
ectodermal ridge and the zone of polarizing activity. |
| 30. |
Explain how a limb bud is
directed to develop into either a forelimb or a hind limb. |
