| Overview
of Animal Reproduction |
| 1. |
Distinguish between
asexual and sexual reproduction. |
| 2. |
List and describe four
mechanisms of asexual reproduction. |
| 3. |
Describe several adaptive
advantages of asexual reproduction. Discuss the conditions that
may favor the occurrence of asexual reproduction. |
| 4. |
Explain the advantages of
periodic reproduction. Describe factors that may control the
timing of reproductive events. |
| 5. |
Describe an example of an
animal life cycle that alternates between asexual and sexual
reproduction. |
| 6. |
Define parthenogenesis
and describe the conditions that favor its occurrence. Note
examples of invertebrate and vertebrate species that use this form
of reproduction. |
| 7. |
Explain how
hermaphroditism may be advantageous in sessile or burrowing
animals that have difficulty encountering a member of the opposite
sex. |
| 8. |
Distinguish between
male-first and female-first sequential hermaphroditism. Note the
adaptive advantages of these reproductive systems. |
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Mechanisms
of Sexual Reproduction |
| 9. |
Describe mechanisms that
increase the probability that mature sperm will encounter fertile
eggs of the same species in organisms that use external
fertilization. |
| 10. |
Explain the function of
pheromones in mate attraction. |
| 11. |
Compare reproductive
systems using internal and external fertilization on the basis of
the relative number of zygotes and protection of the embryos. |
| 12. |
List and describe various
methods of egg and embryo protection. |
| 13. |
Compare the reproductive
systems of a polychaete worm, a parasitic flatworm, an insect, a
common nonmammalian vertebrate, and a mammal. |
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Mammalian
Reproduction |
| 14. |
Using a diagram, identify
and give the function of each component of the reproductive system
of the human male. |
| 15. |
Using a diagram, identify
and give the function of each component of the reproductive system
of the human female. |
| 16. |
Describe the two
physiological reactions common to sexual arousal in both sexes. |
| 17. |
Describe the four phases
of the sexual response cycle. |
| 18. |
Compare menstrual cycles
and estrous cycles. |
| 19. |
Describe the stages of
the human female reproductive cycle. |
| 20. |
Explain how the uterine
cycle and ovarian cycle are synchronized in female mammals. Note
in detail the functions of the hormones involved. |
| 21. |
Describe human oogenesis. |
| 22. |
Describe spermatogenesis
and the structure and function of mature sperm. |
| 23. |
Describe three major
differences between oogenesis and spermatogenesis. |
| 24. |
Describe human menopause.
Describe a possible evolutionary explanation for human menopause. |
| 25. |
Describe the influence of
androgens on primary and secondary sex characteristics and
behavior. |
| 26. |
Compare the patterns of
hormone secretion and reproductive events in male and female
mammals. |
| 27. |
Define conception,
gestation, and parturition. |
| 28. |
Compare the length of
pregnancies in humans, rodents, dogs, cows, and elephants. |
| 29. |
Describe the changes that
occur in the mother and the developing embryo during each
trimester of a human pregnancy. |
| 30. |
Explain the role of
embryonic hormones during the first few months of pregnancy. |
| 31. |
Describe the stages of
parturition. |
| 32. |
Describe the control of
lactation. |
| 33. |
Describe mechanisms that
may help prevent the motherŐs immune system from rejecting the
developing embryo. |
| 34. |
List the various methods
of contraception and explain how each works. |
| 35. |
Describe techniques that
allow us to learn about the health and genetics of a fetus. |
| 36. |
Explain how and when in
vitro fertilization, zygote intrafallopian transfer, and gamete
intrafallopian transfer may be used. |
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