| An
Introduction to Regulatory Systems |
| 1. |
Compare the response
times of the two major systems of internal communication: the
nervous system and the endocrine system. |
| 2. |
Explain how
neurosecretory cells, epinephrine, and control of day/night cycles
illustrate the integration of the endocrine and nervous systems. |
| 3. |
Describe the organization
of a stimulus, receptor, control center, efferent signal, and
effector in a simple endocrine pathway. |
| 4. |
Describe an example of a
negative feedback loop in an endocrine pathway involved in
maintaining homeostasis. |
| 5. |
Explain why the
neurohormone pathway that regulates the release of milk by a
nursing mother is an example of positive feedback. |
| |
|
| |
Chemical
Signals and Their Modes of Action |
| 6. |
List the three major
classes of molecules that function as hormones in vertebrates. |
| 7. |
Name the three key events
involved in signaling by vertebrate hormones. |
| 8. |
Explain what changes may
be triggered by a signal transduction pathway initiated by the
binding of a water-soluble hormone to a receptor in the plasma
membrane of a target cell. |
| 9. |
Discuss how and why
different target cells exposed to the same hormone may respond in
different ways. |
| 10. |
Describe the nature and
location of intracellular receptors for hormones that pass easily
through cell membranes. Explain how their role compares to the
signal-transduction pathway noted above, and describe the changes
they are likely to trigger within the target cell. |
| 11. |
Explain the role of local
regulators in paracrine signaling. Describe the diverse functions
of cytokines, growth factors, nitric oxide, and prostaglandins. |
| |
|
| |
The
Vertebrate Endocrine System |
| 12. |
Explain how the
hypothalamus and pituitary glands interact and how they coordinate
the endocrine system. |
| 13. |
Describe the location of
the pituitary. List and explain the functions of the hormones
released from the anterior and posterior lobes. |
| 14. |
Explain the role of
tropic hormones in coordinating endocrine signaling throughout the
body. Distinguish between releasing hormones and inhibiting
hormones. |
| 15. |
List the hormones of the
thyroid gland and explain their roles in development and
metabolism. Explain the causes and symptoms of hyperthyroidism,
hypothyroidism, and goiter. |
| 16. |
Note the location of the
parathyroid glands and describe the hormonal control of calcium
homeostasis. |
| 17. |
Distinguish between alpha
and beta cells in the pancreas and explain how their antagonistic
hormones (insulin and glucagon) regulate carbohydrate metabolism. |
| 18. |
Distinguish between type
I diabetes mellitus and type II diabetes mellitus. |
| 19. |
List the hormones of the
adrenal medulla, describe their functions, and explain how their
secretions are controlled. |
| 20. |
List the hormones of the
adrenal cortex and describe their functions. |
| 21. |
List the hormones of
three categories of steroid hormones produced by the gonads.
Describe variations in their production between the sexes. Note
the functions of each category of steroid and explain how
secretions are controlled. |
| 22. |
Describe several examples
of invertebrate hormones that function in the control of
reproduction and development. |
| |
|
