| Circulation
in Animals |
| 1. |
Describe the need for
circulatory and respiratory systems due to increasing animal body
size. |
| 2. |
Explain how a
gastrovascular cavity functions in part as a circulatory system. |
| 3. |
Distinguish between open
and closed circulatory systems. List the three basic components
common to both systems. |
| 4. |
List the structural
components of a vertebrate circulatory system and relate their
structure to their functions. |
| 5. |
Describe the general
relationship between metabolic rates and the structure of the
vertebrate circulatory system. |
| 6. |
Using diagrams, compare
and contrast the circulatory systems of fish, amphibians, non-bird
reptiles, and mammals or birds. |
| 7. |
Distinguish between
pulmonary and systemic circuits and explain the functions of each. |
| 8. |
Explain the advantage of
double circulation over a single circuit. |
| 9. |
Define a cardiac
cycle, distinguish between systole and diastole, and explain
what causes the first and second heart sounds. |
| 10. |
Define cardiac output
and describe two factors that influence it. |
| 11. |
List the four heart
valves, describe their location, and explain their functions. |
| 12. |
Define heart murmur
and explain its cause. |
| 13. |
Define sinoatrial (SA)
node and describe its location in the heart. |
| 14. |
Distinguish between a
myogenic heart and a neurogenic heart. |
| 15. |
Describe the origin and
pathway of the action potential (cardiac impulse) in the normal
human heart. |
| 16. |
Explain how the pace of
the SA node can be modulated by nerves, hormones, body
temperature, and exercise. |
| 17. |
Relate the structures of
capillaries, arteries, and veins to their functions. |
| 18. |
Explain why blood flow
through capillaries is substantially slower than it is through
arteries and veins. |
| 19. |
Define blood pressure
and describe how it is measured. |
| 20. |
Explain how peripheral
resistance and cardiac output affect blood pressure. |
| 21. |
Explain how blood returns
to the heart even though it must sometimes travel from the lower
extremities against gravity. |
| 22. |
Explain how blood flow
through capillary beds is regulated. |
| 23. |
Explain how osmotic
pressure and hydrostatic pressure regulate the exchange of fluid
and solutes across capillaries. |
| 24. |
Describe the composition
of lymph and explain how the lymphatic system helps the normal
functioning of the circulatory system. Explain the role of lymph
nodes in body defense. |
| 25. |
Describe the composition
and functions of plasma. |
| 26. |
Relate the structure of
erythrocytes to their function. |
| 27. |
List the five main types
of white blood cells and characterize their functions. |
| 28. |
Describe the structure of
platelets. |
| 29. |
Outline the formation of
erythrocytes from their origin from stem cells in the red marrow
of bones to their destruction by phagocytic cells. |
| 30. |
Describe the hormonal
control of erythrocyte production. |
| 31. |
Outline the sequence of
events that occurs during blood clotting and explain what prevents
spontaneous clotting in the absence of injury. |
| 32. |
Distinguish between a
heart attack and a stroke. |
| 33. |
Distinguish between
low-density lipoproteins (LDLs) and high-density lipoproteins (HDLs). |
| 34. |
List the factors that
have been correlated with an increased risk of cardiovascular
disease. |
| |
|
| |
Gas
Exchange in Animals |
| 35. |
Define gas exchange
and distinguish between a respiratory medium and a respiratory
surface. |
| 36. |
Describe the general
requirements for a respiratory surface and list a variety of
respiratory organs that meet these requirements. |
| 37. |
Describe respiratory
adaptations of aquatic animals. |
| 38. |
Describe the advantages
and disadvantages of water as a respiratory medium. |
| 39. |
Describe countercurrent
exchange and explain why it is more efficient than the concurrent
flow of water and blood. |
| 40. |
Describe the advantages
and disadvantages of air as a respiratory medium and explain how
insect tracheal systems are adapted for efficient gas exchange in
a terrestrial environment. |
| 41. |
For the human respiratory
system, describe the movement of air through air passageways to
the alveolus, listing the structures that air must pass through on
its journey. |
| 42. |
Compare positive and
negative pressure breathing. Explain how respiratory movements in
humans ventilate the lungs. |
| 43. |
Distinguish between tidal
volume, vital capacity, and residual volume. |
| 44. |
Explain how the
respiratory systems of birds and mammals differ. |
| 45. |
Explain how breathing is
controlled in humans. |
| 46. |
Define partial
pressure and explain how it influences diffusion across
respiratory surfaces. |
| 47. |
Describe the adaptive
advantage of respiratory pigments in circulatory systems.
Distinguish between hemocyanin and hemoglobin as respiratory
pigments. |
| 48. |
Draw the Hb-oxygen
dissociation curve, explain the significance of its shape, and
explain how the affinity of hemoglobin for oxygen changes with
oxygen concentration. |
| 49. |
Describe how carbon
dioxide is picked up at the tissues and deposited in the lungs. |
| 50. |
Describe the respiratory
adaptations of the pronghorn that give it great speed and
endurance. |
| 51. |
Describe respiratory
adaptations of diving mammals and the role of myoglobin. |
