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Functional Animal Anatomy: An Overview
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1.
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Define bioenergetics.
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2.
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Distinguish between anatomy and physiology. Explain how functional
anatomy relates to these terms.
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Body Plans and the External Environment
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3.
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Explain how physical laws constrain animal form.
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4.
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Explain how the size and shape of an animal’s body affect its
interactions with the environment.
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5.
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Define tissue.
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6.
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Distinguish among collagenous fibers, elastic fibers, and reticular
fibers.
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7.
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From micrographs or diagrams, correctly identify the following animal
tissues, explain how their structure relates to their functions, and
note examples of each type.
a. Epithelial tissue
b. Connective tissue
i. Loose connective tissue
ii. Adipose tissue
iii. Fibrous connective tissue
iv. Cartilage
v. Bone
vi. Blood
c. Muscle tissue
i. Skeletal (striated) muscle
ii. Cardiac muscle
iii. Smooth muscle
d. Nervous tissue
i. Neuron
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Introduction to the Bioenergetics of Animals
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8.
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Describe the basic sources of chemical energy and their fate in animal
cells.
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9.
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Define biosynthesis.
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10.
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Define metabolic rate and explain how it can be determined for
animals.
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11.
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Distinguish between endothermic and exothermic animals.
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12.
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Describe the relationship between metabolic rate and body size.
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13.
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Distinguish between basal metabolic rate and standard metabolic rate.
Describe the major factors that influence energy requirements.
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14.
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Describe the natural variations found in the energy strategies of
endotherms and ectotherms.
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Regulating the Internal Environment
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15.
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Distinguish between regulators and conformers for a particular
environmental variable.
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16.
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Define homeostasis. Describe the three functional components of a
homeostatic control system.
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17.
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Distinguish between positive and negative feedback mechanisms.
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18.
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Define thermoregulation. Explain in general terms how endotherms
and ectotherms manage their heat budgets.
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19.
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Name four physical processes by which animals exchange heat with their
environment.
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20.
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Discuss the role of hair, feathers, and adipose tissue in insulation.
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21.
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Explain the role of vasoconstriction and vasodilation in modifying the
transfer of body heat with the environment.
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22.
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Describe animal adaptations to facilitate evaporative cooling.
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23.
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Describe thermoregulatory mechanisms utilized by endothermic
invertebrates.
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24.
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Explain how ectotherms and endotherms may acclimatize to changing
environmental temperatures.
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25.
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Explain the role of heat-shock proteins in helping cells to cope with
severe temperature changes.
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26.
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Define torpor, hibernation, estivation, and daily torpor.
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