Chapter 36 Transport in Plants
| An Overview of Transport Mechanisms in Plants | |||
| 1. | Describe how proton pumps function in transport of materials across plant membranes, using the terms proton gradient, membrane potential, cotransport, and chemiosmosis. | ||
| 2. | Define osmosis and water potential. Explain how water potential is measured. | ||
| 3. | Explain how solutes and pressure affect water potential. | ||
| 4. | Explain how the physical properties of plant cells are changed when the plant is placed into solutions that have higher, lower, or the same solute concentration. | ||
| 5. | Define the terms flaccid, plasmolyze, turgor pressure, and turgid. | ||
| 6. | Explain how aquaporins affect the rate of water transport across membranes. | ||
| 7. | Name the three major compartments in vacuolated plant cells. | ||
| 8. | Distinguish between the symplast and the apoplast. | ||
| 9. | Describe three routes available for lateral transport in plants. | ||
| 10. | Define bulk flow and describe the forces that generate pressure in the vascular tissue of plants. | ||
| 11. | Relate the structure of sieve-tube cells, vessel cells, and tracheids to their functions in bulk flow. | ||
| Absorption of Water and Minerals by Roots | |||
| 12. | Explain what routes are available to water and minerals moving into the vascular cylinder of the root. | ||
| 13. | Explain how mycorrhizae enhance uptake of materials by roots. | ||
| 14. | Explain how the endodermis functions as a selective barrier between the root cortex and vascular cylinder. | ||
| Transport of Xylem Sap | |||
| 15. | Describe the potential and limits of root pressure to move xylem sap. | ||
| 16. | Define the terms transpiration and guttation. | ||
| 17. | Explain how transpirational pull moves xylem sap up from the root tips to the leaves. | ||
| 18. | Explain how cavitation prevents the transport of water through xylem vessels. | ||
| 19. | Explain this statement: “The ascent of xylem sap is ultimately solar powered.” | ||
| The Control of Transpiration | |||
| 20. | Explain the importance and costs of the extensive inner surface area of a leaf. | ||
| 21. | Discuss the factors that may alter the stomatal density of a leaf. | ||
| 22. | Describe the role of guard cells in photosynthesis-transpiration. | ||
| 23. | Explain how and when stomata open and close. Describe the cues that trigger stomatal opening at dawn. | ||
| 24. | Explain how xerophytes reduce transpiration. | ||
| 25. | Describe crassulacean acid metabolism and explain why it is an important adaptation to reduce transpiration in arid environments. | ||
| Translocation of Phloem Sap | |||
| 26. | Define and describe the process of translocation. Trace the path of phloem sap from a primary sugar source to a sugar sink. | ||
| 27. | Describe the process of sugar loading and unloading. | ||
| 28. | Define pressure flow. Explain the significance of this process in angiosperms. | ||
