| The Plant Body |
| 1. |
Describe and compare the three basic organs of vascular plants. Explain how these basic organs are interdependent. |
| 2. |
List the basic functions of roots. Describe and compare the structures and functions of fibrous roots, taproots, root hairs, and adventitious roots. |
| 3. |
Describe the basic structure of plant stems. |
| 4. |
Explain the phenomenon of apical dominance. |
| 5. |
Describe the structures and functions of four types of modified shoots. |
| 6. |
Describe and distinguish between the leaves of monocots and those of eudicots. |
| 7. |
Describe the three tissue systems that make up plant organs. |
| 8. |
Describe and distinguish between the three basic cell types of plant tissues. For each tissue, describe one characteristic structural feature and explain its functional significance. |
| 9. |
Explain the functional relationship between a sieve-tube member and its companion cell. |
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The Process of Plant Growth and Development |
| 10. |
Distinguish between determinate and indeterminate growth. Give an example of each type of growth. |
| 11. |
Distinguish among annual, biennial, and perennial plants. |
| 12. |
Explain this statement: “In contrast to most animals, which have a stage of embryonic growth, plants have regions of embryonic growth.” |
| 13. |
Distinguish between the primary and secondary plant body. |
| 14. |
Describe in detail the primary growth of the tissues of roots and shoots. |
| 15. |
Describe in detail the secondary growth of the tissues of roots and shoots. |
| 16. |
Name the cells that make up the tissue known as wood. Name the tissues that comprise the bark. |
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Mechanisms of Plant Growth and Development |
| 17. |
Explain why Arabidopsis is an excellent model for the study of plant development. |
| 18. |
Explain what each of these Arabidopsis mutants has taught us about plant development:
a. fass mutant
b. gnom mutant
c. KNOTTED-1 mutant
d. GLABRA-2 mutant |
| 19. |
Define and distinguish between morphogenesis, differentiation, and growth. |
| 20. |
Explain why (a) the plane and symmetry of cell division, (b) the orientation of cell expansion, and (c) cortical microtubules are important determinants of plant growth and development. |
| 21. |
Explain how pattern formation may be determined in plants. |
| 22. |
Give an example to demonstrate how a cell’s location influences its developmental fate. |
| 23. |
Explain how a vegetative shoot tip changes into a floral meristem. |
| 24. |
Describe how three classes of organ identity genes interact to produce the spatial pattern of floral organs in Arabidopsis. |
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