Chapter 35 Plant Structure and Growth
Objectives
| The Plant Body | |||
| 1. | Describe and compare the three basic organs of vascular plants. Explain how these basic organs are interdependent. | ||
| 2. | List the basic functions of roots. Describe and compare the structures and functions of fibrous roots, taproots, root hairs, and adventitious roots. | ||
| 3. | Describe the basic structure of plant stems. | ||
| 4. | Explain the phenomenon of apical dominance. | ||
| 5. | Describe the structures and functions of four types of modified shoots. | ||
| 6. | Describe and distinguish between the leaves of monocots and those of eudicots. | ||
| 7. | Describe the three tissue systems that make up plant organs. | ||
| 8. | Describe and distinguish between the three basic cell types of plant tissues. For each tissue, describe one characteristic structural feature and explain its functional significance. | ||
| 9. | Explain the functional relationship between a sieve-tube member and its companion cell. | ||
| The Process of Plant Growth and Development | |||
| 10. | Distinguish between determinate and indeterminate growth. Give an example of each type of growth. | ||
| 11. | Distinguish among annual, biennial, and perennial plants. | ||
| 12. | Explain this statement: “In contrast to most animals, which have a stage of embryonic growth, plants have regions of embryonic growth.” | ||
| 13. | Distinguish between the primary and secondary plant body. | ||
| 14. | Describe in detail the primary growth of the tissues of roots and shoots. | ||
| 15. | Describe in detail the secondary growth of the tissues of roots and shoots. | ||
| 16. | Name the cells that make up the tissue known as wood. Name the tissues that comprise the bark. | ||
| Mechanisms of Plant Growth and Development | |||
| 17. | Explain why Arabidopsis is an excellent model for the study of plant development. | ||
| 18. | Explain what each of these
Arabidopsis mutants has taught us about plant development: a. fass mutant b. gnom mutant c. KNOTTED-1 mutant d. GLABRA-2 mutant |
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| 19. | Define and distinguish between morphogenesis, differentiation, and growth. | ||
| 20. | Explain why (a) the plane and symmetry of cell division, (b) the orientation of cell expansion, and (c) cortical microtubules are important determinants of plant growth and development. | ||
| 21. | Explain how pattern formation may be determined in plants. | ||
| 22. | Give an example to demonstrate how a cell’s location influences its developmental fate. | ||
| 23. | Explain how a vegetative shoot tip changes into a floral meristem. | ||
| 24. | Describe how three classes of organ identity genes interact to produce the spatial pattern of floral organs in Arabidopsis. | ||
