Chapter 20 DNA Technology
Objectives
| DNA Cloning | |||
| 1. | Explain how advances in recombinant DNA technology have helped scientists study the eukaryotic genome. | ||
| 2. | Describe the natural function of restriction enzymes and explain how they are used in recombinant DNA technology. | ||
| 3. | Explain how the creation of sticky ends by restriction enzymes is useful in producing a recombinant DNA molecule. | ||
| 4. | Outline the procedures for cloning a eukaryotic gene in a bacterial plasmid. | ||
| 5. | Describe techniques that allow identification of recombinant cells that have taken up a gene of interest. | ||
| 6. | Define and distinguish between genomic libraries using plasmids, phages, and cDNA. | ||
| 7. | Describe the role of an expression vector. | ||
| 8. | Describe two advantages of using yeast cells instead of bacteria as hosts for cloning or expressing eukaryotic genes. | ||
| 9. | Describe two techniques to introduce recombinant DNA into eukaryotic cells. | ||
| 10. | Describe the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and explain the advantages and limitations of this procedure. | ||
| 11. | Explain how gel electrophoresis is used to analyze nucleic acids and to distinguish between two alleles of a gene. | ||
| 12. | Describe the process of nucleic acid hybridization. | ||
| 13. | Describe the Southern blotting procedure and explain how it can be used to detect and analyze instances of restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP). | ||
| 14. | Explain how RFLP analysis facilitated the process of genomic mapping. | ||
| DNA Analysis and Genomics | |||
| 15. | Explain the goals of the Human Genome Project. | ||
| 16. | Explain how linkage mapping, physical mapping, and DNA sequencing each contributed to the genome mapping project. | ||
| 17. | Describe the alternate approach to whole-genome sequencing pursued by J. Craig Venter and the Celera Genomics company. | ||
| 18. | Explain how researchers recognize protein-coding genes within DNA sequences. | ||
| 19. | Describe the surprising results of the Human Genome Project. | ||
| 20. | Explain how the vertebrate genome, including that of humans, generates greater diversity than the genomes of invertebrate organisms. | ||
| 21. | Explain how in vitro mutagenesis and RNA interference help researchers to discover the functions of some genes. | ||
| 22. | Explain the purposes of gene expression studies. Describe the use of DNA microarray assays and explain how they facilitate such studies. | ||
| 23. | Define and compare the fields of proteomics and genomics. | ||
| 24. | Explain the significance of single nucleotide polymorphisms in the study of the human evolution. | ||
| Practical Applications of DNA Technology | |||
| 25. | Describe how DNA technology can have medical applications in such areas as the diagnosis of genetic disease, the development of gene therapy, vaccine production, and the development of pharmaceutical products. | ||
| 26. | Explain how DNA technology is used in the forensic sciences. | ||
| 27. | Describe how gene manipulation has practical applications for environmental and agricultural work. | ||
| 28. | Describe how plant genes can be manipulated using the Ti plasmid carried by Agrobacterium as a vector. | ||
| 29. | Explain how DNA technology can be used to improve the nutritional value of crops and to develop plants that can produce pharmaceutical products. | ||
| 30. | Discuss the safety and ethical questions related to recombinant DNA studies and the biotechnology industry. | ||
