Chapter 18 Genetics of Viruses & Bacteria
Objectives
| The Genetics of Viruses | |||
| 1. | Recount the history leading up to the discovery of viruses. Include the contributions of Adolf Mayer, Dimitri Ivanowsky, Martinus Beijerinck, and Wendell Stanley. | ||
| 2. | List and describe the structural components of viruses. | ||
| 3. | Explain why viruses are obligate intracellular parasites. | ||
| 4. | Explain how a virus identifies its host cell. | ||
| 5. | Describe bacterial defenses against phages. | ||
| 6. | Distinguish between the lytic and lysogenic reproductive cycles, using phage lambda as an example. | ||
| 7. | Describe the reproductive cycle of an enveloped virus. Explain the reproductive cycle of the herpesvirus. | ||
| 8. | Describe the reproductive cycle of retroviruses. | ||
| 9. | List some characteristics that viruses share with living organisms and explain why viruses do not fit our usual definition of life. | ||
| 10. | Describe the evidence that viruses probably evolved from fragments of cellular nucleic acids. | ||
| 11. | Define and describe mobile genetic elements. | ||
| 12. | Explain how viral infections in animals cause disease. | ||
| 13. | Describe the best current medical defenses against viruses. Explain how AZT helps to fight HIV infections. | ||
| 14. | Describe the mechanisms by which new viral diseases emerge. | ||
| 15. | Distinguish between the horizontal and vertical routes of viral transmission in plants. | ||
| 16. | Describe viroids and prions. | ||
| 17. | Explain how a non-replicating protein can act as a transmissible pathogen. | ||
| The Genetics of Bacteria | |||
| 18. | Describe the structure of a bacterial chromosome. | ||
| 19. | Compare the sources of genetic variation in bacteria and humans. | ||
| 20. | Compare the processes of transformation, transduction, and conjugation. | ||
| 21. | Distinguish between generalized and specialized transduction. | ||
| 22. | Define an episome. Explain why a plasmid can be an episome. | ||
| 23. | Explain how the F plasmid controls conjugation in bacteria. | ||
| 24. | Describe the significance of R plasmids. Explain how the widespread use of antibiotics contributes to R plasmid-related disease. | ||
| 25. | Explain how transposable elements may cause recombination of bacterial DNA. | ||
| 26. | Distinguish between an insertion sequence and a transposon. | ||
| 27. | Describe the role of transposase in the process of transposition. | ||
| 28. | Briefly describe two main strategies that cells use to control metabolism. | ||
| 29. | Explain the adaptive advantage of genes grouped into an operon. | ||
| 30. | Using the trp operon as an example, explain the concept of an operon and the function of the operator, repressor, and corepressor. | ||
| 31. | Distinguish between structural and regulatory genes. | ||
| 32. | Describe how the lac operon functions and explain the role of the inducer, allolactose. | ||
| 33. | Explain how repressible and inducible enzymes differ and how those differences reflect differences in the pathways they control. | ||
| 34. | Distinguish between positive and negative control and give examples of each from the lac operon. | ||
| 35. | Explain how cyclic AMP and catabolite activator protein are affected by glucose concentration. | ||
