Microorganisms Articles - BIOLOGY JUNCTION

Protist Study Guide

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Name:

Protist Quiz

Modified True/False
Indicate whether the statement is true or false. If false, change the identified word or phrase to make the statement true.

The kingdom Protista contains the eukaryotes that are not plants, animals, or fungi. _________________________

Sexual reproduction with spores evolved in protists. _________________________

Tissues, organs, and organ systems evolved in unicellular protists. _________________________

Sexual reproduction allows Chlamydomonas to delay development of new organisms until environmental conditions are favorable. _________________________

Amoebas move by means of pseudopodia. _________________________

Diatoms are the only type of protists with single shells. _________________________

Paramecium takes in food through its contractile vacuole. _________________________

Cellular slime molds form a mass of cytoplasm that has many nuclei. _________________________

Protists have an important effect on humans because they cause disease. _________________________

10.

Malaria is caused by the protist Plasmodium and is spread by the bite of certain fleas. _________________________

11.

Carrageenan is a product made by protists that is used to flavor many food products. _________________________

Multiple Choice
Identify the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question.

12.

Which of the following is not true about some or all protists?

a.	unicellular and heterotrophic	c.	multicellular and autotrophic
b.	unicellular and autotrophic	d.	multicellular and prokaryotic

13.

The kingdom Protista does not include

a.	most of the single-celled eukaryotes.	c.	multicellular seaweed.
b.	slime and water molds.	d.	prokaryotes.

14.

Which of the following characteristics did not evolve in the Kingdom Protista?

a.	unicellularity	c.	membrane-bound organelles
b.	gametes	d.	complex cilia and flagella

15.

sexual reproduction : diversity ::

a.	flagella : cilia	c.	green algae : flagella
b.	multicellularity : tissues	d.	unicellularity : protists

16.

Eukaryotes that lack the features of animals, plants, or fungi are classified in the kingdom

a.	Archaebacteria.	c.	Protista.
b.	Plantae.	d.	Animalia.

17.

You have been given an unknown organism to identify. You find that it is unicellular and has a cell wall. Which of the following must it also have?

a.	chloroplasts	c.	pseudopodia
b.	asexual reproduction	d.	one or more flagella

18.

When Chlamydomonas reproduces sexually, it divides by mitosis, producing

a.	zygospores.	c.	haploid gametes.
b.	diploid gametes.	d.	zoospores.

19.

Zoospores are

a.	produced as a result of meiosis.	c.	produced as a result of mitosis.
b.	diploid.	d.	all parasitic.

20.

The haploid, gamete-producing phase in the life cycle of some multicellular protists is known as the

a.	zygospore generation.	c.	conjugation generation.
b.	gametophyte generation.	d.	sporophyte generation.

21.

The marine green alga Ulva reproduces sexually by

a.	alternation of generations.	c.	mitosis.
b.	conjugation.	d.	aggregation.

22.

Pseudopodia are used for

a.	Paramecium conjugation.	c.	Euglena reproduction.
b.	movement by amoebas.	d.	Paramecium mitosis.

23.

Amoebas capture food by

a.	engulfing it.	c.	trapping it with flagella.
b.	using cilia.	d.	taking it into an oral groove.

24.

When an individual diatom gets too small because of repeated division, it

a.	grows to full size in its existing shell.
b.	slips out of its shell, grows to full size, and regenerates a new shell.
c.	slips out of its shell, grows to full size, and reinhabits its old shell.
d.	slips out of its shell and lives the rest of its life without a shell.

25.

Algae are

a.	sometimes heterotrophic.
b.	always microscopic in size.
c.	found in fresh water, salt water, and damp soil.
d.	found only in fresh water.

26.

Red algae

a.	are multicellular.	c.	have eyespots.
b.	are unicellular.	d.	have double shells.

27.

Euglenoids are examples of protists that

a.	can be both autotrophic and heterotrophic.
b.	are only parasitic heterotrophs.
c.	are always autotrophic.
d.	swim away from light.

28.

dinoflagellates : flagella ::

a.	amoebas : pseudopodia	c.	ciliates : pseudopodia
b.	sporozoans : flagella	d.	amoebas : flagella

29.

The process in which two Paramecia come together to exchange parts of their genetic material is called

a.	mitosis.	c.	pollination.
b.	replication.	d.	conjugation.

30.

Refer to the illustration above. Excess water in the body of the Paramecium is forced back out by the structure labeled

a.	A	c.	D
b.	C	d.	E

31.

Refer to the illustration above. The structure that contains the cell’s chromosomes is labeled

a.	A	c.	C
b.	B	d.	E

32.

Refer to the illustration above. Structure C is the

a.	macronucleus.	c.	oral groove.
b.	contractile vacuole.	d.	micronucleus.

33.

Refer to the illustration above. The structure that controls routine cellular functions is labeled

a.	A	c.	C
b.	B	d.	D

34.

Funguslike protists reproduce by releasing

a.	gametes.	c.	zoospores.
b.	spores.	d.	plasmodia.

35.

Giardiasis is a disease that is spread

a.	by direct person-to-person contact.	c.	through contaminated water.
b.	through the air.	d.	by the Anopheles mosquito.

36.

Chagas disease is spread by

a.	kissing bugs.	c.	contaminated food.
b.	mosquitoes.	d.	contaminated water.

37.

Which of the following is not a human disease caused by a protist?

a.	amebic dysentery	c.	malaria
b.	toxoplasmosis	d.	tuberculosis.

38.

giardiasis : contaminated water ::

a.	amebic dysentery : mosquito	c.	malaria : mosquito
b.	amebic dysentery : giardiasis	d.	malaria : food contamination

39.

The protist that causes malaria reproduces in the

a.	intestine of a human.	c.	red blood cells of a human.
b.	red blood cells of a mosquito.	d.	stinger of a mosquito.

40.

Malaria is caused by several species of

a.	Toxoplasma.	c.	Giardia.
b.	Phytophthora.	d.	Plasmodium.

41.

The stage in the life cycle of Plasmodium in which it lives in mosquitoes and is injected into humans is called the

a.	gametophyte.	c.	sporophyte.
b.	sporozoite.	d.	zoospore.

42.

Symbiotic protists live in all of the following organisms except

a.	termites.	c.	cattle.
b.	corals.	d.	bacteria.

43.

Protists that play an important role in aquatic food webs are called

a.	plankton.	c.	anchovies.
b.	lichens.	d.	cyanobacteria.

44.

The evolution of the plant kingdom can be inferred by studying

a.	green algae.	c.	red algae.
b.	brown algae.	d.	dinoflagellates.

45.

A mass of cytoplasm that has many nuclei is a(n)

a.	spore.	c.	colony.
b.	plasmodium.	d.	amoeba.

46.

A protist that almost destroyed the entire potato crop in Ireland in 1846 is a

a.	plasmodial slime mold.	c.	dinoflagellate.
b.	cellular slime mold.	d.	water mold.

47.

A downy mildew gets nutrients by

a.	photosynthesis.
b.	absorbing them from the environment.
c.	making them from inorganic chemicals.
d.	making them from organic building blocks.

48.

When an algal bloom dies, the bacteria that decompose the algae

a.	deplete carbon dioxide levels in the water.
b.	kill the plankton population.
c.	deplete oxygen levels in the water.
d.	kill fish.

49.

A protist used by scientists to study cell movement and cell signaling is a

a.	dinoflagellate.	c.	paramecium.
b.	diatom.	d.	slime mold.

50.

Agar is a product used to grow bacteria. Agar comes from

a.	bacteria.	c.	diatoms.
b.	algae.	d.	amoebas.

Completion
Complete each statement.

51.

Two important features that evolved in the protists were multicellularity and sexual reproduction with the production of ____________________.

52.

The evolution of ____________________ allowed single-celled organisms to perform many functions at the same time.

53.

When ______________________________ evolved, protists could become genetically diverse.

54.

Although protists are diverse, they are all ____________________.

Life Cycle of Chlamydomonas

55.

Refer to the illustration above. Arrow B is pointing to a ____________________ in the life cycle.

56.

Refer to the illustration above. Arrow A is pointing to ____________________ in the life cycle.

57.

According to the illustration above, Chlamydomonas reproduces both sexually and ____________________.

58.

Some protists undergo sexual reproduction only at times of environmental ____________________.

59.

Ulva is characterized by two distinct multicellular phases: a diploid, spore producing phase called the ____________________ generation and a haploid, gamete-producing phase called the ____________________ generation.

60.

Refer to the illustration above. The organism shown in A moves and obtains food by means of ____________________.

61.

Refer to the illustration above. The organism shown in C moves by means of ____________________.

62.

Refer to the illustration above. The organism shown in B moves by means of ____________________.

63.

Some amoeboid protists have porous shells called ____________________.

64.

____________________ have double shells that resemble small boxes with lids.

65.

The large brown algae that grow along coasts are called ____________________.

66.

Protists that are strict photoautotrophs are called ____________________.

67.

Poisonous “red tides” are caused by population explosions of ____________________.

68.

Brown algae are the only algae that form more than one kind of ____________________.

69.

Some protists have ____________________ that contain light-sensitive pigments.

70.

____________________ disease is a protist-caused disease that is transmitted by kissing bugs.

71.

Disease-causing protists are transmitted mainly by insects or by contaminated ____________________ and ____________________.

72.

The stage of Plasmodium that infects the liver is called the ____________________; the second stage of the Plasmodium life cycle, which infects red blood cells, is called the ____________________.

73.

Plantlike protists produce ____________________, which allows most forms of life to live on Earth.

74.

____________________ are related to green algae and are thought to have evolved from them.

75.

Funguslike protists resemble fungi in that they reproduce with ____________________ and they ____________________ nutrients from their environment.

76.

Cellular slime molds usually exist as single-celled amoebas, but they form ____________________ and release ____________________ when food or water is scarce.

77.

A water mold caused the great potato famine in ____________________ in 1846.

78.

The empty shells of diatoms are used as ____________________ in cleaning agents.

79.

Red algae produce carrageenan, which is used in the food industry to ____________________ foods such as ice cream and salad dressings.

Bacteria and Viruses

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Name:

bacteria and Viruses

Multiple Choice
Identify the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question.

Many microscopic organisms or entities have been identified as pathogens, including all of the following except:

a.	protozoa.
b.	viruses.
c.	fungi.
d.	bacteria.
e.	None of the above, all may be pathogenic.

Which of the following statements about bacteria is false?

a.	A small percentage of bacteria are pathogenic.
b.	Some bacteria can photosynthesize.
c.	Bacteria are important decomposers.
d.	Bacteria are not cellular and are sometimes not classified as life forms.
e.	Bacteria convert atmospheric nitrogen into ammonia and then nitrates that can be used by plants.

Viruses were first identified:

a.	because they caused an infection and formed colonies on nutrient agar plates.
b.	because they were seen in the light microscope.
c.	because they caused an infection and were small enough to pass through filters that trapped bacteria.
d.	because they were smaller than bacteria and had all the properties of living organisms.
e.	because they caused an infection and were seen in the electron microscope.

The protein coat of a virus is called the:

a.	capsule.
b.	capsid.
c.	exospore.
d.	phage.
e.	pilus.

Viruses that attack bacteria are called:

a.	phages.
b.	bacteriods
c.	prions.
d.	virons.
e.	viroids.

Figure 23-01
Use the figure below to answer the corresponding questions.

The structure of the virus in Figure 23-01 that is common to all viruses is:

a.	2.
b.	3.
c.	4.
d.	5.
e.	All of the above.

In Figure 23-01, the function of the structure labeled 3 is:

a.	attachment to a host cell.
b.	locomotion.
c.	mate recognition.
d.	replication.
e.	to take over host cell mechanisms.

Viruses are classified by:

a.	the sequence of their DNA.
b.	structural similarities.
c.	the sequence of their rRNA genes.
d.	the traditional Linnaean binomial nomenclature system.
e.	an international committee.

Viruses:

a.	are very tiny cells on the order of 500 nm.
b.	contain both RNA and DNA.
c.	cannot independently perform metabolic activities.
d.	have a standard morphology that includes a capsid, tail, and tail fibers.
e.	All of the above.

10.

Viruses:

a.	are usually species-specific.
b.	may have multiple origins.
c.	are probably related to mobile genetic elements.
d.	may have escaped from cells.
e.	All of the above.

11.

Phages are being considered for:

a.	vectors in gene therapy experiments.
b.	antibiotics in bacterial infections.
c.	gene transfer vectors in animal cells.
d.	being equivalent to the first living organisms.
e.	All of the above.

12.

Temperate viruses:

a.	always destroy their host immediately.
b.	are considered virulent.
c.	do not always destroy their host.
d.	do not undergo a lysogenic cycle.
e.	undergo a lytic cycle.

13.

Virulent (lytic) phages:

a.	infect viruses.
b.	destroy bacteria.
c.	infect, but do not destroy bacteria.
d.	infect virions.
e.	infect prions.

14.

The five stages of a lytic infection are attachment, penetration, _____________, assembly, and release.

a.	lysis
b.	prophage
c.	lysogenesis
d.	transduction
e.	replication

15.

A prophage:

a.	is phage DNA that is integrated into viral DNA.
b.	is phage DNA that is integrated into bacterial DNA.
c.	replicates only when the eukaryotic cell it infects replicates.
d.	is an underdeveloped lytic virus.
e.	is a bacterial cell about to lyse.

16.

The bacterium that causes botulism disease is harmless until it:

a.	is infected by lytic bacteria.
b.	is infected by certain retroviruses.
c.	contains a certain prophage DNA.
d.	is irradiated by UV radiation.
e.	is infected by prions.

17.

____________ conversion occurs when a bacterium carrying viral genes takes on new, atypical characteristics.

a.	Transducing
b.	Lysogenic
c.	Prophage
d.	Lytic
e.	Reverse

18.

The specificity of viruses to different types of cells is due to _____________ sites on the host cell.

a.	prophage
b.	receptor
c.	transduction
d.	penetration
e.	transcription

19.

Retroviruses differ from other RNA viruses by:

a.	having reverse transcriptase instead of RNA-dependent RNA polymerase.
b.	the shape of their capsid.
c.	the way they infect their host cells.
d.	the sugar coating on their capsids.
e.	lytically destroying their hosts.

20.

Which of the following diseases is not caused by a virus?

a.	rabies
b.	polio
c.	warts in humans
d.	chickenpox
e.	Lyme disease

21.

Which of the following identifies a group of DNA viruses?

a.	retroviruses
b.	herpesviruses
c.	paramyxoviruses
d.	filovirus
e.	picornaviruses

22.

Viral proteins can damage host cells by:

a.	increasing the rate of fermentation within the host.
b.	producing endotoxins.
c.	causing a decline in coordination and increased irritability.
d.	preventing transcription of viral nucleic acids.
e.	overwhelming the host cell with a large number of viruses.

23.

Viral infections in humans spread via the circulatory system. Viral infections in plants spread from cell to cell via:

a.	endocytosis.
b.	plasmodesmata.
c.	infected seeds.
d.	pili.
e.	transformation.

24.

Human viruses can enter human cells by fusion with the cell membrane or by:

a.	diffusion into the cell.
b.	passage through specific protein channels.
c.	coating themselves with lipids that cloak their entrance into the cell.
d.	endocytosis.
e.	hitchhiking onto protein signals entering the cell.

25.

Viroids cause a variety of plant diseases and are composed only of:

a.	strands of RNA.
b.	strands of DNA.
c.	protein coats.
d.	peptidoglycan.
e.	a capsid.

26.

Mad cow disease is an example of an infection caused by a:

a.	bacterium.
b.	bacteriophage.
c.	retrovirus.
d.	viroid.
e.	prion.

27.

_____________ is credited with the discovery of prions as a new biological principle of infection.

a.	Stanley Prusiner
b.	Anton van Leeuwenhoek
c.	Dmitrii Ivanowsky
d.	Stanley Brenner
e.	Carl Woese

28.

A symptom of a transmissible spongiform encephalopathy (TSE) is:

a.	degeneration of the digestive tract.
b.	progressive immune deficiency.
c.	degeneration of the brain and central nervous system.
d.	inflammation of the reproductive organs.
e.	influenza-like symptoms.

29.

The volume of a typical bacterium is about ____________ the volume of a typical eukaryotic cell.

a.	equal to
b.	a half
c.	a tenth
d.	a hundredth
e.	a thousandth

30.

A chain of round bacteria would be called:

a.	spirilla.
b.	diplococci.
c.	bacilli.
d.	streptococci.
e.	streptobacilli.

31.

Rod-shaped bacteria are called:

a.	streptococci.
b.	bacilli.
c.	diplococci.
d.	vibrio.
e.	spirochete.

Figure 23-02
Use the figure below to answer the corresponding questions.

32.

The structure in Figure 23-02 labeled C is:

a.	a ribosome.
b.	the plasma membrane.
c.	the capsule.
d.	the cell wall.
e.	the flagellum.

33.

What is the function of the structure labeled A in Figure 23-02?

a.	to adhere to surfaces or other bacteria
b.	to prevent phagocytosis
c.	support and protection in hypotonic conditions
d.	transmission of DNA between bacteria
e.	locomotion

34.

Even though bacteria lack membrane-bound organelles, such as chloroplasts and mitochondria, they can still perform the functions of these organelles by localizing certain metabolic enzymes on:

a.	the nuclear membranes.
b.	the endoplasmic reticulum.
c.	the plasma membrane.
d.	ribosomes.
e.	the cell wall.

35.

Most bacterial cells keep from bursting in a hypotonic environment by:

a.	an efficient water pump.
b.	a tough cell membrane.
c.	pumping large quantities of salts into the cell.
d.	a rigid cell wall.
e.	a stiff capsule.

36.

Gram-positive bacteria would stain __________ in a gram stain because of a thick layer of __________ in their cell walls.

a.	green; peptidoglycan
b.	purple; peptidoglycan
c.	green; cellulose
d.	purple; polysaccharides
e.	red; polysaccharides

37.

The walls of Eubacteria contain peptidoglycan, which is:

a.	lipids crosslinked with sugars.
b.	sugars crosslinked with proteins.
c.	a protein.
d.	a lipid.
e.	a polysaccharide.

38.

Penicillin works most effectively against gram-positive bacteria because:

a.	penicillin affects cell membranes.
b.	they have a thick peptidoglycan cell wall and penicillin affects the synthesis of peptidoglycans.
c.	they have special protein channels that allow penicillin to enter the cell and halt the cell cycle.
d.	they are smaller than gram-negative bacteria and, thus, easily take up penicillin by diffusion.
e.	they contain prophages that negatively interact with penicillin.

39.

Some bacteria avoid a host’s immune system by means of:

a.	efficient use of their flagella.
b.	ameboid motion.
c.	their capsule.
d.	changing their cell wall structure.
e.	eliminating the use of a membrane.

40.

Bacteria:

a.	are incapable of locomotion.
b.	move by means of pili
c.	move by means of cilia.
d.	move by means of a rotating flagella.
e.	move by means of a whiplike flagella.

41.

Small circles of DNA called ______________ exist in addition to the bacterial chromosome.

a.	capsids
b.	plasmids
c.	chromatids
d.	pili
e.	centromeres

42.

Small hairlike structures on the surface of bacteria are called:

a.	capsids.
b.	pili.
c.	chromatids.
d.	plasmids.
e.	virons.

43.

Plasmids of bacteria often have genes involved in:

a.	reproduction.
b.	motility.
c.	viral resistance.
d.	antibiotic resistance.
e.	photosynthesis.

44.

Pili are involved in adhesion of bacterial cells to a substrate or host, or in transmission of __________ between bacteria.

a.	ribosomes
b.	cytoplasm
c.	vectors
d.	RNA
e.	DNA

45.

Prokaryotes have their genetic information stored in:

a.	several small, circular pieces of DNA.
b.	a single, small, circular piece of DNA.
c.	a large, linear piece of DNA.
d.	several small, linear pieces of DNA.
e.	a large, circular piece of DNA.

46.

_______________ is a form of genetic exchange in bacteria that involves contact between two cells.

a.	Transformation
b.	Transduction
c.	Conjugation
d.	Binary fission
e.	Budding

47.

_____________ are dormant structures formed by bacteria in response to adverse environmental conditions.

a.	Capsids
b.	Endospores
c.	Exotoxins
d.	Endotoxins
e.	Heterocysts

48.

Most bacteria are:

a.	photoheterotrophs.
b.	chemoheterotrophs.
c.	autotrophs.
d.	heterotrophs.
e.	chemoautotrophs.

49.

A bacterium that gains nourishment from dead organisms is referred to as:

a.	an autotroph.
b.	a parasite.
c.	a saprotroph.
d.	a chemoautotroph.
e.	a pathogen.

50.

A(an) ___________________ bacterium would not be able to survive in the presence of oxygen.

a.	facultative aerobic
b.	facultative anaerobic
c.	facultative autotrophic
d.	obligate aerobic
e.	obligate anaerobic

51.

The most common mode of reproduction in bacteria is:

a.	binary fission.
b.	transformation.
c.	transduction.
d.	conjugation.
e.	mitosis.

52.

The first indication that Archae were different from the Eubacteria came from differences noted in their:

a.	cell wall.
b.	preferred habitats.
c.	16 S rRNA sequence.
d.	protein synthesis machinery.
e.	resistance to antibiotics.

53.

The Archaea differ from the Eubacteria and eukaryotes by having different ____________ in their cell membranes, but they are similar to eukaryotes in their ____________ process.

a.	sugars; replication
b.	sugars; transcription
c.	lipids; replication
d.	lipids; transcription
e.	proteins; transcription

Figure 23-03
Use the figure below to answer the corresponding questions.

54.

Which of the following groups from Figure 23-03 represents gram-negative bacteria?

a.	Spirochetes
b.	Protists
c.	Methanogens
d.	Halophiles
e.	None of the above.

55.

Which of the following groups from Figure 23-03 is a member of the Eubacteria domain?

a.	Fungi
b.	Halophiles
c.	Chlamydias
d.	Protists
e.	More than one of the above.

56.

About how many different species of bacteria have been classified?

a.	200
b.	2,000
c.	4,000
d.	20,000
e.	40,000

57.

The most significant difference between the Archaea and the Eubacteria is:

a.	lack of a nuclear envelope in the Archaea.
b.	the absence of the 70S ribosomes in the Eubacteria.
c.	the presence of a single filament flagellum in the Eubacteria.
d.	the absence of peptidoglycans in the cell walls of the Archaea.
e.	All of the above.

58.

One difference between the Archaea and the Eukarya is:

a.	the lack of a nuclear envelope in the Archaea.
b.	the absence of the 70S ribosomes in the Archaea.
c.	the presence of membrane-bound organelles in the Archaea.
d.	the presence of peptidoglycans in the cell walls of the Archaea.
e.	the presence of simple RNA polymerase in the Archaea.

59.

One unique characteristic associated with some of the extreme halophilic Archaea is:

a.	that they are found at deep-sea vents on the sea floor.
b.	that they are a source of most known antibiotics.
c.	that they have photosynthetic ability involving a purple bacteriorhodopsin pigment.
d.	that they fix atmospheric nitrogen that is then used by plants.
e.	that most form symbiotic associations.

60.

_____________ Archae are typically found in abnormally hot environments.

a.	Extreme halophile
b.	Extreme thermophile
c.	Pyrrhanogen
d.	Metanogen
e.	Any of the above.

61.

Most prokaryotes belong to the:

a.	Fungi.
b.	Archaea.
c.	Protista.
d.	Eubacteria.
e.	Viroids.

62.

Bacterial ____________ cause systemic symptoms such as fever, whereas bacterial ____________ cause more specific maladies.

a.	phages; prophages
b.	prophages; phages
c.	endotoxins; exotoxins
d.	exotoxins; endotoxins
e.	exotoxins; phages

63.

The bacterial reproductive parasite Wolbachia is known to:

a.	eradicate males from a population.
b.	convert males into females.
c.	cause infected females to lay eggs that develop without fertilization.
d.	reduce the number of males in a population.
e.	All the above.

64.

The symbiotic bacteria found in the root nodules of legumes:

a.	supply the plant with the nitrogen it needs in the form of nitrates.
b.	are motile, soil-dwelling bacteria.
c.	belong to the genus Rhizobium.
d.	are gram-negative Eubacteria.
e.	All of the above.

65.

Koch’s postulates include all the following except:

a.	when a sample of a pure culture is injected into a healthy host causes the same disease.
b.	a sample of the microorganism from a diseased host can be grown in pure culture.
c.	the microorganism can be recovered from an experimentally infected host.
d.	the microorganism must be visible in the electron microscope.
e.	the pathogen must be present in every individual with the disease.

66.

The first bacteria that was clearly identified as the cause of an infectious disease was:

a.	Legionella pneumophila, which causes Legionnaires’ disease.
b.	Chamydia sp., which causes pelvic inflammatory disease in women.
c.	Clostridium botulinum, which causes botulism.
d.	Vibrio cholerae, which causes cholera.
e.	Bacillus anthracis, which causes anthrax.

Short Answer

67.

Compare and contrast a virus and a bacterium.

68.

List the characteristics of the following groups and identify examples for each: Archaea, Eubacteria, and Eukarya.

69.

Compare and contrast the metabolic diversity of bacteria in one of the two groups below.

A.	Obligate anaerobes, facultative anaerobes, and aerobes
B.	Autotrophic and heterotrophic bacteria

70.

Identify and briefly discuss two ecological roles filled by bacteria.

Essay

71.

Describe the theory that attempts to explain the species specificity of viruses to their hosts.

72.

Discuss the distinction between gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria. In the laboratory, how is this determined? What are differences between these two groups of bacteria?

73.

Describe endotoxins and exotoxins. What effects do they each have on infected persons?

Bacteria Study Guide

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Name:

Bacteria Study Guide

Multiple Choice
Identify the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question.

The earliest known group of living organisms on Earth was

a.	viruses.	c.	bacteria.
b.	fungi.	d.	protists.

Bacteria and archaea are the only organisms characterized as

a.	unicellular.	c.	eukaryotic.
b.	prokaryotic.	d.	photosynthetic.

Bacteria can be classified according to their

a.	type of cell walls.
b.	methods of obtaining energy.
c.	Gram-staining characteristics.
d.	All of the above

Refer to the illustration above. Which of the organisms shown has the shape called bacillus?

a.	organism 1	c.	organism 3
b.	organism 2	d.	None of the above

Refer to the illustration above. The shape represented by organism 3 is called

a.	coccus.	c.	bacillus.
b.	spirillum.	d.	filamentous.

When tested with a Gram stain, Gram-positive bacteria are stained

a.	green.	c.	pink.
b.	yellow.	d.	purple.

Bacteria lack a true nucleus and membrane-bound organelles; therefore, they are classified as

a.	prokaryotes.	c.	anaerobes.
b.	aerobes.	d.	eukaryotes.

The cytoplasm of bacteria

a.	contains numerous types of organelles.
b.	is divided into compartments.
c.	has varying numbers of chromosomes, depending on the species of bacteria.
d.	contains a single chromosome.

Which of the following comparisons is incorrect?

	PROKARYOTES EUKARYOTES

a.	smaller larger
b.	circular chromosomes linear chromosomes
c.	binary fission mitosis
d.	chloroplasts mitochondria

10.

One difference between human body cells and bacterial cells is that bacterial cells have

a.	an outer cell wall made up of phosphates.
b.	a cell wall made up of peptidoglycan.
c.	no DNA.
d.	no ribosomes.

11.

Structures found in a eukaryotic cell but not in a bacterial cell are

a.	cell nuclei.
b.	multiple chromosomes.
c.	membrane-bound organelles.
d.	All of the above

12.

Which of the following might be found in the cytoplasm of a bacterial cell?

a.	chloroplasts	c.	mitochondria
b.	Golgi apparatus	d.	None of the above

13.

Bacterial cells

a.	have a cell wall only.
b.	have a cell membrane only.
c.	have both a cell membrane and cell wall.
d.	have a cell wall inside their cell membrane.

14.

One thing that E. coli and other bacteria have in common with eukaryotes is the presence of

a.	chloroplasts.	c.	nuclei.
b.	mitochondria.	d.	DNA.

15.

Bacterial endospores

a.	occur where there is plenty of available food.
b.	allow certain species to survive harsh environmental conditions.
c.	are similar to human tumors.
d.	can cause growth abnormalities in plants.

16.

Which of the following are used by at least some bacteria for movement?

a.	pili
b.	flagella
c.	cytoplasmic projections
d.	All of the above

17.

phototrophic bacteria : sunlight ::

a.	chemotrophic bacteria : dead organisms
b.	chemoautotrophic bacteria : inorganic molecules
c.	photosynthesis : nitrification
d.	heterotrophic bacteria : inorganic molecules

18.

Which of the following conditions would be unsuitable for any kind of bacteria to grow?

a.	temperature of 110ºC (230ºF)
b.	absence of oxygen
c.	pH of 5
d.	None of the above

19.

Prokaryotes can transfer pieces of genetic material in a process called

a.	binary fission.	c.	conjugation.
b.	mitosis.	d.	sexual reproduction.

20.

During the process of transduction

a.	a virus obtains DNA from a host bacterium.
b.	a bacterial cell takes in DNA from the external environment.
c.	one bacterium transfers DNA to another.
d.	two bacteria exchange DNA.

21.

A pathogen is an agent that is

a.	beneficial to humans.
b.	harmful only to plants.
c.	harmful to living organisms.
d.	nearly extinct.

22.

Which of the following foods is not a fermentation product of bacteria?

a.	sour cream	c.	milk
b.	a pickle	d.	yogurt

23.

Antibiotics

a.	include penicillin and tetracycline.
b.	may prevent bacteria from making new cell walls.
c.	can be effective treatments for bacterial diseases.
d.	All of the above

24.

All of the following are habitats of archaea except

a.	volcanic vents.
b.	intestinal tract of cows.
c.	salt lakes.
d.	human skin.

25.

Which of the following is not a way of preventing a foodborne illness at home?

a.	washing kitchen utensils thoroughly in cold water
b.	keeping cooked and raw foods separate during storage
c.	washing fresh fruits and vegetables before eating them
d.	refrigerating leftovers promptly

Completion
Complete each statement.

26.

A spiral bacterium is called a(n) ____________________.

27.

Spherical bacteria are called ____________________.

28.

Rod-shaped bacteria are called ____________________.

29.

The procedure used to distinguish between two types of bacterial cell wall composition is called ____________________.

30.

Protective structures that some bacteria may form under harsh conditions are ____________________.

31.

The cell walls of bacteria are composed of a combination of polysaccharide and polypeptide called ____________________.

32.

Bacteria that obtain their energy from inorganic molecules, rather than from the sun, are called ____________________ bacteria.

33.

In general, organisms that obtain their energy from sunlight are called ____________________.

34.

Bacteria that get carbon from other organisms are called ____________________.

35.

A(n) ____________________ is a substance that can be obtained from bacteria or fungi and can be used as a drug to fight pathogenic bacteria.

36.

Many bacteria are ____________________ and must have oxygen to live, whereas other bacteria are ____________________ and cannot live where oxygen is present.

37.

Bacteria that can survive either with or without oxygen are called _________________________.

38.

Archaea are more closely related to ____________________ than they are to ____________________.

39.

____________________ are poisons that can cause disease when bacteria secrete them into their environment.

40.

The evolution of populations of pathogenic bacteria that antibiotics cannot kill is called _________________________.

Three domains

Virus Model Instructions

Virus Models

Use viral pictures from your textbook or from a website to construct a 3-dimensional model of a virus. Your model must meet the following criteria:

Must be 3-dimensional
Must show the two main parts of the virus — nucleic acid core & protein coat or capsid
Model must have string attached & be ready to hang
Must include a label with your the name of the virus, your name, & class period

The following rules for constructing you model must also be followed:

Must be light enough & small enough to hang and not “bump” other students heads
Must be sturdy (use plenty of glue & securely attach your string)
Can’t be made out of food products
May not have sharp points (no toothpicks)
May not be made of anything flammable (no matches)
Should be made of inexpensive materials

Types of viruses that make good models:

Bacteriophage
Retrovirus
HIV
Rabies
Tobacco Mosaic Virus
Adenovirus

Models will be graded based on the following:

Level of difficulty (will receive the most weight in grading)
Accuracy
Colorfulness
Creativity of building materials

Back

Virus

Discovery of Viruses

Beijerinck (1897) coined the Latin name “virus” meaning poison for the substance infecting tobacco plants
Wendell Stanley (1935) crystallized sap from tobacco leaves infected with Tobacco Mosaic Virus (TMV) & found virus was made of nucleic acid & protein


Wendell Stanley	Tobacco Leaf with Virus

Edward Jenner developed smallpox vaccine using milder cowpox viruses
Virology – study of viruses
Deadly viruses are said to be virulent
Viruses couldn’t be seen until electron microscope invented

Viral Characteristics

Not living organisms
Noncellular
Consist of a nucleic acid core (DNA or RNA) and a protein coat called the capsid
Capsid made of protein subunits called capsomeres
Cannot grow or replicate on their own (inactive particles)

Can only reproduce inside of a living host cell using its raw materials & enzymes
Lack ribosomes & enzymes needed for protein synthesis or metabolism
Are extremely small particles ranging from 20 – 400 nanometers on average
Largest virus is 1000 nanometers in dimension
Some can cause disease (smallpox, measles, mononucleosis, influenza, colds, AIDS, Ebola

Ebola Virus

Some may also cause cancers such as leukemias
Virus free cells are rare
Highly host specific (only infect certain cells)
Referred to as phages
Viruses are classified into 2 main groups by their nucleic acid — DNA or RNA Viruses
DNA & RNA viruses are subdivided by capsid shape & whether they do or don’t have an envelope

Viral Structure

DNA or RNA core surrounded by protein sheath called capsid
Nucleocapsid includes the viral nucleic acid & its capsid
Some form lipid rich covering around capsid called the envelope
Envelope usually formed from host cell membrane
Envelope may have spikes to help chemically recognize & attach to the host cell
Shaped determined by the arrangement of proteins making up the capsid
TMV is rod shaped

Adenovirus & polio viruses are icosohedral (20 sided)

Measles & rabies viruses are helical
T -phages have a head & tail

Bacteriophages or T-Phages

Among the most complex viruses
Attack bacterial cells
Composed of a icosohedral head, tail, base plate, & tail fibers
Long DNA molecule is inside the head
Tail helps inject the viral DNA into host cell
Tail fibers used to attach to host

Retroviruses

Contain RNA
Have an enzyme called reverse transcriptase which helps use the RNA to make DNA
Use the host cell’s ribosomes & raw materials to make viral proteins
Cause some cancers & AIDS

HIV Virus

Viroids

Smallest particle able to replicate
Made of a short, single strand of RNA with no capsid
Cause disease in plants

Viroid Attack on Potatoes

Prions

No nucleic acid or capsids
Made of protein particles that have folded incorrectly
Attacks the central nervous system
Cause animal diseases in cows (Mad Cow disease), sheep, & humans

Lytic Cycle

Viral replication that rapidly kills the host cell causing it to lyse or burst
Involves 5 steps —– Adsorption, Injection, Replication, Assembly, & Lysis
Adsorption — phage attaches to cell membrane of host
Injection — nucleic acid (DNA) of virus injected into host cell
Replication — viral DNA inactivates host cell’s DNA & uses host’s raw materials & ribosomes to make viral DNA, capsids, tails, etc.
Assembly — new viral parts are combined to make new phages
Lysis — enzymes weaken & destroy the cell membrane causing it to lyse releasing new viruses that infect other cells

Phases of the Lytic Cycle of a Virulent Virus:

Absorption:

Entry:

Replication:

Assembly:

Release:

lysis

, releasing the new

Source: http://science.howstuffworks.com/virus-human.htm

Lysogenic Cycle

Replication in which the virus stays inactive inside of the host cell & doesn’t immediately kill it
Viruses are called temperate phages
Lysogenic steps include adsorption, injection, recombination, cell reproduction, activation, replication, assembly, & lysis
Recombination —Viral DNA joins with host cell DNA forming an inactive prophage
Host cell reproduces normally until activated by an external stimuli
External stimuli unknown, but could be ultraviolet radiation, carcinogens, etc.
Once activated, prophage forms new viruses & destroys host cell
HIV is an example of a temperate phage

The Lysogenic Cycle of a Temperate Virus:

The virus attaches itself and injects its DNA into the cell.
The viral DNA attaches itself to the host DNA, becoming a new set of cell genes called a prophage.
When the host cell divides, this new gene is replicated and passed to new cells. This causes no harm to the cell, but may alter its traits.
Now there are two possibilities:
- The prophage survives as a permanent part of the DNA of the host organism.
- Some external stimuli can cause the prophage to become active, using the cell to produce new viruses.

Source: http://science.howstuffworks.com/virus-human.htm

Viral Control

Interferon are proteins made by cells to fight viruses
Two types of viral vaccines exist — inactivated & attenuated
Inactivated virus vaccines don’t replicate in the host’s system
Attenuated viral vaccines have been genetically altered so they can’t cause disease
Antiviral drugs (AZT, acyclovir, & azidothymidine) interfere with viral DNA synthesis
Protease Inhibitors interfere with viral capsid production
New viruses emerge as rain forests are cleared (Ebola virus)

Back

Virus PPT Questions

Viruses, Viroids, & Prions
ppt Questions

Living or Nonliving?

1. Why might some people consider viruses alive?

2. Can viruses be “killed”?

3. Can a virus maintain homeostasis like cells?

4. Are viruses cellular or noncellular?

5. Define virus.

6. Name the 2 main things that make up a virus.

Viral History

7. Who coined the term virus and what does it mean?

8. Explain how viruses were first discovered.

9. What discovery did Wendell Stanley make about viruses? What type of virus was he studying?

10. __________ is an example of a viral disease.

11. Who found the vaccine against this viral disease? What milder virus was used to make the vaccine?

12. What is meant by a virulent virus?

13. Smallpox has been ________________ in the world today. What does this mean?

14. How does the size of a virus compare with that of a cell?

15. What metric units are used to measure the size of viruses?

16. What technology had to be developed before viruses can be seen?

17. Give the size of these viruses.

a. bacteriophage

b. polio virus

c. adenovirus

d. Ebola virus

Viral Structure

18. Are viruses made of cells? Are they living?

19. What covers the outside of a virus and what is it called?

20. What is in the core of a virus?

21. When & how can a virus reproduce?

22. What protective covering is around the capsid of some viruses?

23. What is the purpose of spikes and do all viruses have them?

24. Viruses only attack ___________ host cells.

25. Sketch and label the parts of a virus.

26. Describe the capsid of viruses.

27. What are capsomeres?

28. Are all viruses the same shape?

29. Outside of a host cell, viruses are ______________.

30. Do viruses have ribosomes like cells?

31. Do viruses have enzymes like cells?

32. Viruses use the _________ __________ and ____________ of its host cell to be able to ________________.

33. Does the HIV virus have spikes for attachment?

34. Besides smallpox and AIDS, name 6 other viral diseases.

35. Name a type of cancer thought to be caused by viruses.

36. What is the shape of each of these viruses:

a. ebola?

b. influenza?

37. Label the parts of these viruses.

Taxonomy of Viruses

38. Family names for viruses end in what suffix?

39. Genus names for viruses end in ___________.

40.What is meant by a viral species?

41. ____________ names are used for different species of viruses.

42. How is the subspecies for a virus designated?

43. Give the family, genus, and species for the HIV and Herpes viruses.

44. What virus causes blisters that may appear around the mouth?

45. What virus is responsible for the common cold?

46. What virus causes warts?

47. Name 4 things used to identify viruses.

Bacteriophages

48. What is a bacteriophage?

49. Give 3 characteristics of T-phages.

50. What are the most commonly studied T-phages?

51. T-phages often attack what bacterial cell? Where is the host cell found?

52. How does a bacteriophage attach to its host cell?

53. What is the only part of the virus that actually enters the host cell?

54. What is the shape of the bacterial host cell that bacteriophages attack?

55. How many sides does the head or capsid of a bacteriophage have?

56. T-bacteriophages have what nucleic acid at their core?

57. What are the head and tail fibers made of?

Retroviruses

58. What nucleic acid do retroviruses contain?

59. What enzyme do retroviruses contain that let them make DNA from RNA?

60. What 2 things do retroviruses inject into their host cells when they attack them?

61. Give an example of a retrovirus.

Viroids and Prions

62. What is a viroid?

64. What is the host for viroids?

65. Viroids are responsible for causing what major problem in Europe?

66. Viroids resemble ____________ pieces of DNA that are cut out because they do not code for any proteins.

67. Prions are infectious pieces of _____________.

68. Describe how prions occur.

69. Do prions have a nucleic acid core?

70. What protein is responsible for most mammalian prion diseases?

71. What happens when prions get into the brain?

72. What does BSE stand for and what is the common name for this prion disease?

73. Explain the prion disease caused kuru.

Viral Replication

74. Viruses are host specific. What does this mean?

75. Do the viruses that attack most animals also attack most humans?

76. What is the envelope of viruses often made from? What is the function of an envelope?

77. List the 5 steps of the Lytic cycle in viruses.

(1)

(2)

(3)

(4)

(5)

78. What structures help a virus attach to a host cell?

79. What does the virus inject into its host?

80. What viral parts are made inside a cell? where do the raw materials come from?

81. What is meant by cell lyses?

82. Place these steps of the lytic cycle in order: maturation, penetration, release, biosynthesis, and attachment.

83. Label the stages of the lytic cycle. Also label the capsid, host cell, and DNA.

84. What are latent viruses?

85. How long can a latent virus remain inactive?

86. what activates latent viruses?

87. Give 2 examples of latent viruses.

88. During the lysogenic cycle of a virus, what happens to the viral nucleic acid after it is injected into the host cell?

89. What is a prophage?

90. What causes the phage or viral DNA to start replicating?

91. Does the prophage start replicating right after it is injected into the host cell? Explain.

92. Viral DNA along with the host cell DNA is replicated during each ___________ ___________.

93. After a long period of time, __________ cells form that contain ________________.

94. Once a prophage cell is activated, what happens?

95. Once a prophage is active, the host cell is ______________ making the virus deadly or _______________.

96. Label the viral DNA, host DNA, prophage, bacteriophage, host cell, lytic cycle, and lysogenic cycle.

97. Give an example of a virus that remains dormant in the nervous system tissues for many years.

98. This virus may reappear later in life as a disease called ___________. Describe the disease.

99. ___________ infections also remain dormant in the nervous system.

100. How long does a herpes infection last?

101. Genital herpes is called Herpes ______________, while cold sores or fever blisters are known as Herpes ______________.

102. Viruses make us sick because they ___________ healthy host cells.

Treatment for Viral Disease

103. What is an attenuated virus?

104. How are viruses attenuated?

105. How are some viral vaccines made?

106. How does an attenuated virus help protect us from disease?

107. What proteins do our cells make to help protect us from viruses?

108. What is AZT?

109. How do protease inhibitors work to stop viruses?

Category: Microorganisms

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