Multiple Choice
Identify the
letter of the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question.
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1.
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Most
animals exhibit the following structures or functions except a. | nervous and
muscle tissue. | b. | unique types of intercellular junctions, such as tight
junctions and gap junctions. | c. | autotrophic nutrition. | d. | sexual
reproduction. | e. | multicellularity. | | |
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2.
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Which
of the following terms or structures is not associated with animals? a. | eukaryotic | b. | cell wall | c. | desmosome | d. | zygote | e. | blastula | | |
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3.
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A
researcher is trying to construct a molecular-based phylogeny of the entire animal kingdom. Assuming
that none of the following genes is absolutely conserved, which of the following would be the best
choice on which to base the phylogeny? a. | genes involved in chitin synthesis | b. | collagen
genes | c. | crystallin genes | d. | myosin
genes | e. | globin genes | | |
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4.
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Both
animals and fungi are heterotrophic. What distinguishes animal heterotrophy from fungal heterotrophy
is that only animals derive their nutrition a. | from organic matter. | b. | by preying on
animals. | c. | by ingesting it. | d. | by consuming
living, rather than dead, prey. | e. | by using enzymes to digest their
food. | | |
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5.
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The
young of some insects are merely small versions of the adult, whereas the larvae of other insects
look completely different from adults, eat different foods, and may live in different habitats. Which
of the following most directly favors the evolution of the latter more radical kind of
metamorphosis? a. | natural
selection of sexually immature forms of insects | b. | changes in the
homeobox genes governing early development | c. | the evolution of meiosis | d. | B and C
only | e. | A, B, and
C | | |
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6.
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What
is the correct sequence of the following four events during an animal's
development?
1. | gastrulation | 2. | metamorphosis | 3. | fertilization | 4. | cleavage | | |
a. | 4, 3, 2, 1 | b. | 4, 3, 1,
2 | c. | 3, 2, 4,
1 | d. | 3, 4, 2,
1 | e. | 3, 4, 1,
2 | | |
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7.
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At
which stage would one be able to first distinguish a diploblastic embryo from a triploblastic
embryo? a. | fertilization | b. | cleavage | c. | gastrulation | d. | organogenesis | e. | metamorphosis | | |
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8.
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Which
of the following is not unique to animals? a. | cells that have tight junctions, desmosomes, or gap
junctions | b. | the structural protein collagen | c. | nervous
conduction and muscular movement | d. | regulatory genes called Hox
genes | e. | sexual reproduction | | |
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9.
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The
number of legs an insect has, or the number of vertebrae in a vertebral column, or the number of
joints in a digit (such as a finger) are all strongly influenced by ____ genes. a. | haploid | b. | introns within | c. | heterotic | d. | heterogeneous | e. | Hox | | |
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10.
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What
may have occurred to prevent species that are of the same grade from also belonging to the same
clade? a. | similar
structures arising independently in different lineages | b. | convergent
evolution among different lineages | c. | adaptation by different lineages to the same selective
pressures | d. | A and B only | e. | A, B, and
C | | |
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11.
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The
Hox genes came to regulate each of the following in what sequence, from earliest to most
recent?
1. | identity and position of paired appendages in protostome
embryos | 2. | formation of
channels in sponges | 3. | anterior-posterior orientation of segments in protostome
embryos | 4. | positioning of
tentacles in cnidarians | 5. | anterior-posterior orientation of somites in vertebrate
embryos | | |
a. | 4, 1, 3, 2,
5 | b. | 4, 2, 3, 1,
5 | c. | 4, 2, 5, 3,
1 | d. | 2, 4, 5, 3,
1 | e. | 2, 4, 3, 1,
5 | | |
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12.
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Almost all of the major animal body plans seen today appeared in the fossil record
over 500 million years ago at the beginning of the a. | Cambrian
period. | b. | Ediacaran period. | c. | Permian
period. | d. | Carboniferous period. | e. | Cretaceous
period. | | |
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13.
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Evidence of which structure or characteristic would be most surprising to find among
fossils of the Ediacaran fauna? a. | true tissues | b. | mineralized hard
parts | c. | bilateral symmetry | d. | cephalization | e. | embryos | | |
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14.
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Which
statement is most consistent with the hypothesis that the Cambrian explosion was caused by the rise
of predator-prey relationships? a. | increased incidence of worm burrows in the fossil
record | b. | increased incidence of larger animals in the fossil
record | c. | increased incidence of organic material in the fossil
record | d. | increased incidence of fern galls in the fossil
record | e. | increased incidence of hard parts in the fossil
record | | |
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15.
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Which
of these genetic processes may be most helpful in accounting for the Cambrian
explosion? a. | binary
fission | b. | mitosis | c. | random
segregation | d. | gene duplication | e. | chromosomal
condensation | | |
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16.
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Whatever its ultimate cause(s), the Cambrian explosion is a prime example
of a. | anagenesis
(phyletic evolution). | b. | evolutionary stasis. | c. | adaptive
radiation. | d. | A and B only | e. | A, B, and
C | | |
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17.
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Fossil evidence indicates that the following events occurred in what sequence, from
earliest to most recent?
1. | Protostomes invade terrestrial
environments. | 2. | Cambrian explosion occurs. | 3. | Deuterostomes invade terrestrial
environments. | 4. | Vertebrates become top predators in the
seas. | | |
a. | 2, 4, 3,
1 | b. | 2, 1, 4,
3 | c. | 2, 4, 1,
3 | d. | 2, 3, 1,
4 | e. | 2, 1, 3,
4 | | |
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18.
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If
one encounters the deepest stratum in which aquatic and flying reptiles can be found, then one has
likely found a stratum that was laid during which era? a. | Mesozoic | b. | Paleozoic | c. | Cenozoic | d. | Neoproterozoic | e. | Precambrian | | |
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19.
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What
is the probable sequence in which the following clades of animals originated, from earliest to most
recent?
1. | tetrapods | 2. | vertebrates | 3. | deuterostomes | 4. | amniotes | 5. | bilaterians | | |
a. | 5, 3, 2, 4, 1 | b. | 5, 3, 2, 1,
4 | c. | 5, 3, 4, 2,
1 | d. | 3, 5, 4, 2,
1 | e. | 3, 5, 2,
1,4 | | |
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20.
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During which era did the greatest radiation of mammals occur? a. | Mesozoic | b. | Paleozoic | c. | Cenozoic | d. | Neoproterozoic | e. | Precambrian | | |
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21.
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The
major branches of Eumetazoa are the Radiata and the Bilateria. These names refer to what
characteristic of these animals? a. | size | b. | body symmetry | c. | embryonic
cleavage | d. | types of appendages | e. | presence or
absence of a nucleus in their cells | | |
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22.
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Organisms showing radial symmetry would likely a. | be good
swimmers. | b. | have rapid escape behavior. | c. | move from place
to place relatively slowly, if at all. | d. | be able to fly. | e. | have many
fins. | | |
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23.
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During metamorphosis, echinoderms undergo a transformation from motile larvae to a
sedentary (and sometimes sessile) existence as adults. What is true of adults, but not of
larvae? Adults should a. | be diploblastic. | b. | have radial
symmetry. | c. | lack mesodermally derived tissues. | d. | A and B
only | e. | A, B, and
C | | |
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24.
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Cephalization is primarily associated with a. | adaptation to
dark environments. | b. | method of reproduction. | c. | fate of the
blastopore. | d. | type of digestive system. | e. | bilateral
symmetry. | | |
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25.
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Cephalization is generally associated with all of the following
except a. | bilateral
symmetry. | b. | concentration of sensory structures at the anterior
end. | c. | a
brain. | d. | a longitudinal nerve cord. | e. | a sessile
existence. | | |
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26.
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Which
of the following is an incorrect association of an animal germ layer with the tissues or
organs to which it gives rise? a. | ectoderm-outer covering | b. | endoderm-internal lining of digestive tract | c. | mesoderm-nervous
system | d. | mesoderm-muscle | e. | endoderm-internal linings of liver and lungs | | |
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27.
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You
are trying to identify an organism. It is an animal, but it does not have nerve or muscle tissue. It
is neither diploblastic nor triploblastic. It is probably a a. | flatworm. | b. | jelly. | c. | comb
jelly. | d. | sponge. | e. | nematode. | | |
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The figure below shows a chart of the animal kingdom set up as a modified
phylogenetic tree. Use the diagram to answer the following questions.
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28.
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Which
group contains diploblastic organisms?
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29.
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Which
group consists of deuterostomes?
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30.
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Which
group includes both ecdysozoans and lophotrochozoans?
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31.
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Which
two groups are most clearly represented in the Ediacaran fauna? a. | I and
II | b. | I and
III | c. | II and
IV | d. | II and
V | e. | IV and
V | | |
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32.
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Which
of these is the basal group of the Eumetazoa?
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33.
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Which
two groups have members that undergo ecdysis? a. | I and II | b. | II and
III | c. | III and
IV | d. | III and
V | e. | IV and
V | | |
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34.
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Organisms that are neither coelomate nor pseudocoelomate should, apart from their
digestive systems, have bodies that a. | are solid with tissue. | b. | lack the ability
to metabolize food. | c. | are incapable of muscular
contraction. | d. | lack true tissues. | e. | lack
mesodermally derived tissues. | | |
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35.
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What
distinguishes a coelomate animal from a pseudocoelomate animal is that coelomates a. | have a body
cavity, whereas pseudocoelomates have a solid body. | b. | contain tissues
derived from mesoderm, whereas pseudocoelomates have no such tissue. | c. | have a body
cavity completely lined by mesodermal tissue, whereas pseudocoelomates do
not. | d. | have a complete
digestive system with mouth and anus, whereas pseudocoelomates have a digestive tract with only one
opening. | e. | have a gut that lacks suspension within the body cavity,
whereas pseudocoelomates have mesenteries that hold the digestive system in
place. | | |
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36.
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Which
of the following functions is an advantage of a fluid-filled body cavity? a. | Internal organs
are cushioned and protected from injury. | b. | Organs can grow and move independently of the outer body
wall. | c. | The cavity acts as a hydrostatic
skeleton. | d. | A and C only | e. | A, B, and
C | | |
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37.
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You
have before you a living organism, which you examine carefully. Which of the following should
convince you that the organism is an acoelomate? a. | It responds to food by moving toward
it. | b. | It is
triploblastic. | c. | It has bilateral symmetry. | d. | It possesses
sensory structures at its anterior end. | e. | Muscular activity of its digestive system distorts the body
wall. | | |
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38.
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An
animal that swims rapidly in search of prey that it captures using visual senses concentrated at its
anterior end is likely to be all of the following except a. | bilaterally
symmetrical. | b. | coelomate. | c. | eumetazoan. | d. | diploblastic. | e. | cephalized. | | |
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39.
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The
blastopore is a structure that is evident in the a. | zygote. | b. | blastula. | c. | eight-cell embryo. | d. | gastrula. | e. | egg and sperm. | | |
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40.
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The
blastopore denotes the presence of an endoderm-lined cavity in the developing embryo, a cavity that
is known as the a. | archenteron. | b. | blastula. | c. | coelom. | d. | germ layer. | e. | blastocoel. | | |
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41.
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Which
of the following is descriptive of protostomes? a. | spiral and indeterminate cleavage, blastopore becomes mouth,
schizocoelous development | b. | spiral and determinate cleavage, blastopore becomes mouth,
schizocoelous development | c. | spiral and determinate cleavage, blastopore becomes anus,
enterocoelous development | d. | radial and determinate cleavage, blastopore becomes anus,
enterocoelous development | e. | radial and determinate cleavage, blastopore becomes mouth,
schizocoelous development | | |
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42.
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Which
of the following characteristics generally applies to protostome development? a. | radial
cleavage | b. | determinate cleavage | c. | enterocoelous | d. | blastopore becomes the anus | e. | archenteron
absent | | |
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43.
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Protostome characteristics include all of the following except a. | a mouth that
develops from the blastopore. | b. | schizocoelous development. | c. | spiral
cleavage. | d. | indeterminate cleavage. | e. | solid masses of
mesodermal tissue that split and form the body cavity. | | |
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Use the information below to answer the following
questions.
A student
encounters an animal embryo at the eight-cell stage. The four smaller cells that comprise one
hemisphere of the embryo seem to be rotated 45 degrees and lie in the grooves between larger,
underlying cells (spiral cleavage).
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44.
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This
embryo may potentially develop into any one of these organisms except a. | a
turtle. | b. | an earthworm. | c. | a fruit
fly. | d. | a
crab. | e. | a mollusc. | | |
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45.
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If
one were to separate these eight cells and attempt to culture them individually, then what is most
likely to happen? a. | All eight cells
will die immediately. | b. | Each cell will survive but will experience immediate cessation
of further growth and cell division. | c. | Each cell will continue development, but only into an inviable
embryo that lacks many parts. | d. | Each cell will develop into a full-sized, normal
embryo. | e. | Each cell will develop into a smaller-than-average, but
otherwise normal, embryo. | | |
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46.
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If an
undisturbed embryo is allowed to develop further, then one should expect that a. | the first
opening of the gastrula will ultimately serve as the mouth. | b. | upon
metamorphosis, the resulting trochophore larva will gain a notochord. | c. | upon
gastrulation, a solid ball of cells will be produced. | d. | both A and
B | e. | both B and
C | | |
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47.
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The
most ancient branch point in animal phylogeny is that between having a. | radial or
bilateral symmetry. | b. | a well-defined head or no head. | c. | diploblastic or
triploblastic embryos. | d. | true tissues or no tissues. | e. | a body cavity or
no body cavity. | | |
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48.
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With
the current molecular-based phylogeny in mind, rank the following from most inclusive to least
inclusive.
1. | ecdysozoan | 2. | protostome | 3. | eumetazoan | 4. | triploblastic | | |
a. | 4, 2, 3, 1 | b. | 4, 3, 1,
2 | c. | 3, 4, 1,
2 | d. | 3, 4, 2,
1 | e. | 4, 3, 2,
1 | | |
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49.
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What
does recent evidence from molecular systematics reveal about the relationship between grades and
clades? a. | They are one and
the same. | b. | There is no relationship. | c. | Some, but not
all, grades reflect evolutionary relatedness. | d. | Grades have
their basis in, and flow from, clades. | e. | Each branch point on a cladogram is associated with the
evolution of a new grade. | | |
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50.
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What
is characteristic of all ecdysozoans? a. | the deuterostome condition | b. | some kind of
exoskeleton, or hard outer covering | c. | a pseudocoelom | d. | agile, speedy,
and powerful locomotion | e. | the diploblastic condition | | |
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51.
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What
kind of data should probably have the greatest impact on animal taxonomy in the coming
decades? a. | fossil
evidence | b. | comparative morphology of living
species | c. | nucleotide sequences of homologous
genes | d. | similarities in metabolic pathways | e. | the number and
size of chromosomes within nuclei | | |
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52.
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Phylogenetic trees are best described as a. | true and
inerrant statements about evolutionary relationships. | b. | hypothetical
portrayals of evolutionary relationships. | c. | the most accurate representations possible of genetic
relationships among taxa. | d. | theories of evolution. | e. | the closest
things to absolute certainty that modern systematics can produce. | | |
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53.
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According to the evidence collected so far, the animal kingdom is a. | monophyletic. | b. | paraphyletic. | c. | polyphyletic. | d. | euphyletic. | e. | multiphyletic. | | |
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54.
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The
common ancestor of all animals was probably a a. | bacterium. | b. | prokaryote. | c. | plant. | d. | fungus. | e. | protist. | | |
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55.
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If a
multicellular animal lacks true tissues, then it can be classified among the a. | eumetazoans. | b. | metazoans. | c. | protozoans. | d. | lophotrochozoans. | e. | hydrozoans. | | |
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56.
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According to both the molecular- and morphology-based animal phylogenies, the
following are all protostomes except a. | molluscs. | b. | echinoderms. | c. | segmented worms. | d. | insects. | e. | spiders. | | |
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57.
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Which
of the following organisms are deuterostomes? a. | molluscs | b. | annelids | c. | echinoderms | d. | chordates | e. | both C and D | | |
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58.
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Which
of the following statements concerning animal taxonomy is (are)
true?
1. | Animals are more closely related to plants than to
fungi. | 2. | All animal
clades based on body plan have been found to be incorrect. | 3. | Kingdom Animalia is monophyletic. | 4. | Only animals reproduce by sexual
means. | 5. | Animals are
thought to have evolved from flagellated protists similar to modern
choanoflagellates. | | |
a. | 5 | b. | 1, 3 | c. | 2, 4 | d. | 3, 5 | e. | 3, 4, 5 | | |
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59.
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If
the current molecular evidence regarding animal origins is well substantiated in the future, then
what will be true of any contrary evidence regarding the origin of animals derived from the fossil
record? a. | The contrary
fossil evidence will be seen as a hoax. | b. | The fossil evidence will be understood to have been incorrect
because it is incomplete. | c. | The fossil record will be ignored. | d. | Phylogenies
involving even the smallest bit of fossil evidence will need to be
discarded. | e. | Only phylogenies based solely on fossil evidence will need to
be discarded. | | |
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The following questions refer to the Figure A below (morphological) and Figure B
(molecular) phylogenetic trees of the animal kingdom.
A.
MORPHOLOGICAL
B.
MOLECULAR
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60.
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According to the molecular phylogeny, which of these phyla is not
monophyletic? a. | Porifera | b. | Cnidaria | c. | Chordata | d. | Phoronida | e. | Rotifera | | |
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61.
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Within the morphological phylogeny, which shared derived character is emphasized to
the point of causing several phyla to be placed in an entirely different branch of the bilaterian
clade, relative to their position on the molecular phylogeny? a. | calcareous
spicules | b. | bilateral symmetry | c. | deuterostomy | d. | pseudocoelom | e. | cnidocytes | | |
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62.
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Which
distinction is given more emphasis by the morphological phylogeny than by the molecular
phylogeny? a. | metazoan and
eumetazoan | b. | radial and bilateral | c. | true coelom and
pseudocoelom | d. | protostome and deuterostome | e. | molting and lack
of molting | | |
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63.
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According to the molecular phylogeny, but not according to the morphological
phylogeny, ____ are more derived than ____. a. | rotifers; phoronids | b. | ctenophores;
cnidarians | c. | ectoprocta; brachiopods | d. | arthropods;
annelids | e. | calcareous sponges; siliceous sponges | | |
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64.
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Which
two phyla below are most closely related to each other in both phylogenies? a. | Annelida and
Arthropoda | b. | Echinodermata and Chordata | c. | Arthropoda and
Nematoda | d. | Mollusca and Platyhelminthes | e. | Ectoprocta and
Brachiopoda | | |
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65.
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Which
of these pairs of phyla have more apparent molecular similarity to each other than they have
morphological similarity? a. | Arthropoda and Annelida | b. | Cnidaria and
Ctenophora | c. | Chordata and Ectoprocta | d. | Arthropoda and
Nematoda | e. | Mollusca and Nemertea | | |
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66.
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What
are the cells in a sponge that are primarily responsible for trapping food particles from circulating
water? a. | amoebocytes | b. | choanocytes | c. | mesohyl
cells | d. | pore cells (porocytes) | e. | epidermal
cells | | |
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67.
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Which
of the following are not associated with sponges? a. | oscula | b. | spongocoels | c. | cnidocytes | d. | spicules | e. | amoebocytes | | |
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68.
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A
structurally complex sponge would be expected to have a. | a multi-branched
spongocoel. | b. | wandering amoebocytes. | c. | multiple
oscula. | d. | A and B only | e. | A, B, and
C | | |
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69.
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A
sponge's skeletal materials (spicules, spongin) are manufactured by the a. | pore
cells. | b. | epidermal cells. | c. | choanocytes. | d. | zygotes. | e. | amoebocytes. | | |
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70.
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In
the mesohyl of various undisturbed sponges, one is likely to observe (at one time or another) all of
the following except a. | amoebocytes. | b. | spicules. | c. | spongin. | d. | zygotes. | e. | choanocytes. | | |
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71.
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Which
chemical is not normally found in any sponges? a. | chitin | b. | spongin | c. | calcium
carbonate | d. | silica | e. | cribrostatin | | |
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72.
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Which
of these factors, when used to label the horizontal axis of the graph in the figure below, would
account most directly for the shape of the plot?
a. | spongin
concentration (gm/unit volume) | b. | rate of cribrostatin synthesis (molecules/ unit
time) | c. | number of amoebocytes per sponge | d. | number of
spicules per sponge | e. | number of choanocytes per sponge | | |
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73.
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In
terms of food capture, which sponge cell is most similar to the cnidocyte? a. | amoebocyte | b. | choanocyte | c. | gamete | d. | epidermal cell </ |
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