Multiple Choice
Identify the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question.
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1. |
Organic chemistry is a science based on the study of
a.
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functional groups. |
b.
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vital forces interacting with matter. |
c.
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carbon compounds. |
d.
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water and its interaction with other kinds of molecules. |
e.
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inorganic compounds. |
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2. |
How many electron pairs does carbon share in order to complete its valence shell?
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3. |
What type(s) of bond(s) does carbon have a tendency to form?
a.
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ionic |
b.
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hydrogen |
c.
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covalent |
d.
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A and B only |
e.
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A, B, and C |
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4. |
What is the reason why hydrocarbons are not soluble in water?
a.
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The majority of their bonds are polar covalent carbon to hydrogen linkages. |
b.
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The majority of their bonds are nonpolar covalent carbon-to-hydrogen linkages. |
c.
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They are hydrophilic. |
d.
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They exhibit considerable molecular complexity and diversity. |
e.
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They are lighter than water. |
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5. |
The two molecules shown in the following figure are best described as
a.
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optical isomers. |
b.
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radioactive isotopes. |
c.
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structural isomers. |
d.
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nonradioactive isotopes. |
e.
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geometric isomers. |
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6. |
The two molecules shown in the following figure are best described as
a.
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enantiomers. |
b.
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radioactive isotopes. |
c.
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structural isomers. |
d.
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nonisotopic isomers. |
e.
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geometric isomers. |
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7. |
Research suggests that side effects from Ritalin, the drug used to treat attention deficit disorder, may be caused by contamination of enantiomers, or molecules that
a.
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have identical three-dimensional shapes. |
b.
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are mirror images of one another. |
c.
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lack an asymmetric carbon. |
d.
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differ in the location of their double bonds. |
e.
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differ in their electrical charge. |
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8. |
Which is the best description of a carbonyl group?
a.
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an oxygen joined to a carbon by a single covalent bond |
b.
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a nitrogen and two hydrogens joined to a carbon by covalent bonds |
c.
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a carbon joined to two hydrogens by single covalent bonds |
d.
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a sulfur and a hydrogen joined to a carbon by covalent bonds |
e.
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a carbon atom joined to an oxygen by a double covalent bond |
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9. |
What is the name of the functional group shown in the following figure?
a.
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carbonyl |
b.
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ketone |
c.
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aldehyde |
d.
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carboxyl |
e.
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hydroxyl |
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10. |
Which of the following contains nitrogen in addition to carbon, oxygen, and hydrogen?
a.
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an alcohol such as ethanol |
b.
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a monosaccharide such as glucose |
c.
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a steroid such as testosterone |
d.
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an amino acid such as glycine |
e.
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a hydrocarbon such as benzene |
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11. |
Which two functional groups are always found in amino acids?
a.
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ketone and aldehyde |
b.
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carbonyl and carboxyl |
c.
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carboxyl and amino |
d.
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phosphate and sulfhydryl |
e.
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hydroxyl and aldehyde |
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12. |
A chemist wishes to make an organic molecule less acidic. Which of the following functional groups should be added to the molecule in order to do so?
a.
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carboxyl |
b.
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sulfhydryl |
c.
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hydroxyl |
d.
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amino |
e.
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phosphate |
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Use the figure below to answer the following questions.
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13. |
Which is a hydroxyl functional group?
a.
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Group A |
b.
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Group B |
c.
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Group C |
d.
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Group D |
e.
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Group E |
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14. |
Which is an amino functional group?
a.
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Group A |
b.
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Group B |
c.
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Group C |
d.
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Group D |
e.
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Group E |
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15. |
Which is a functional group that helps stabilize proteins by forming covalent cross-links within or between protein molecules?
a.
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Group A |
b.
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Group B |
c.
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Group C |
d.
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Group D |
e.
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Group E |
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16. |
Polymers of polysaccharides, fats, and proteins are all synthesized from monomers by which process?
a.
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connecting monosaccharides together (condensation reactions) |
b.
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the addition of water to each monomer (hydrolysis) |
c.
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the removal of water (dehydration reactions) |
d.
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ionic bonding of the monomers |
e.
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the formation of disulfide bridges between monomers |
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17. |
Which of the following best summarizes the relationship between dehydration reactions and hydrolysis?
a.
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Dehydration reactions assemble polymers, and hydrolysis breaks down polymers. |
b.
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Hydrolysis only occurs in the urinary system, and dehydration reactions only occur in the digestive tract. |
c.
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Dehydration reactions can occur only after hydrolysis. |
d.
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Hydrolysis creates monomers, and dehydration reactions break down polymers. |
e.
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A and C are correct. |
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18. |
If 128 molecules of the general type shown in the figure below were covalently joined together in sequence, the single molecule that would result would be a
a.
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polysaccharide. |
b.
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polypeptide. |
c.
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polyunsaturated lipid. |
d.
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monosaccharide. |
e.
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disaccharide. |
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19. |
Lactose, a sugar in milk, is composed of one glucose molecule joined by a glycosidic linkage to one galactose molecule. How is lactose classified?
a.
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as a pentose |
b.
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as a hexose |
c.
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as a monosaccharide |
d.
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as a disaccharide |
e.
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as a polysaccharide |
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20. |
Which of the following is true of both starch and cellulose?
a.
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They are both polymers of glucose. |
b.
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They are geometric isomers of each other. |
c.
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They can both be digested by humans. |
d.
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They are both used for energy storage in plants. |
e.
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They are both structural components of the plant cell wall. |
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21. |
Which of the following is true of cellulose?
a.
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It is a polymer composed of sucrose monomers. |
b.
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It is a storage polysaccharide for energy in plant cells. |
c.
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It is a storage polysaccharide for energy in animal cells. |
d.
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It is a major structural component of plant cell walls. |
e.
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It is a major structural component of animal cell plasma membranes. |
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22. |
Triacylglycerol is a
a.
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protein with tertiary structure. |
b.
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lipid made with three fatty acids and glycerol. |
c.
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lipid that makes up much of the plasma membrane. |
d.
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molecule formed from three alcohols by dehydration reactions. |
e.
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carbohydrate with three sugars joined together by glycosidic linkages. |
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23. |
What is the molecule illustrated in the figure below?
a.
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a saturated fatty acid |
b.
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an unsaturated fatty acid |
c.
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a polyunsaturated triacylglyceride |
d.
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a trans polyunsaturated triacylglyceride |
e.
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a steroid similar to cholesterol |
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24. |
The molecule shown in the figure below is a
a.
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polysaccharide. |
b.
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polypeptide. |
c.
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saturated fatty acid. |
d.
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triacylglycerol. |
e.
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unsaturated fatty acid. |
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25. |
A polypeptide can best be described as a
a.
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monomer of a protein polymer. |
b.
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polymer containing 20 amino acid molecules. |
c.
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polymer containing 19 peptide bonds. |
d.
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polymer containing 20 peptide bonds. |
e.
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polymer of amino acids. |
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26. |
The chemical reaction illustrated in the figure below results in the formation of a (an)
a.
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ionic bond. |
b.
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peptide bond. |
c.
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glycosidic linkage. |
d.
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ester linkage. |
e.
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phosphodiester linkage. |
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27. |
Which bonds are created during the formation of the primary structure of a protein?
a.
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peptide bonds |
b.
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hydrogen bonds |
c.
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disulfide bonds |
d.
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phosphodiester bonds |
e.
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A, B, and C |
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28. |
What maintains the secondary structure of a protein?
a.
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peptide bonds |
b.
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hydrogen bonds |
c.
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disulfide bonds |
d.
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ionic bonds |
e.
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phosphodiester bonds |
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29. |
The figure below shows the
a.
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1-4 linkage of the glucose monomers of starch. |
b.
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1-4 linkage of the glucose monomers of cellulose. |
c.
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double helical structure of a DNA molecule. |
d.
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helix secondary structure of a polypeptide. |
e.
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pleated sheet secondary structure of a polypeptide. |
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30. |
Altering which of the following levels of structural organization could change the function of a protein?
a.
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primary |
b.
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secondary |
c.
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tertiary |
d.
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quaternary |
e.
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all of the above |
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31. |
Which of the following descriptions best fits the class of molecules known as nucleotides?
a.
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a nitrogenous base and a phosphate group |
b.
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a nitrogenous base and a pentose sugar |
c.
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a nitrogenous base, a phosphate group, and a pentose sugar |
d.
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a phosphate group and an adenine or uracil |
e.
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a pentose sugar and a purine or pyrimidine |
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32. |
All of the following nitrogenous bases are found in DNA except
a.
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thymine. |
b.
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adenine. |
c.
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uracil. |
d.
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guanine. |
e.
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cytosine. |
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33. |
Which of the following statements best summarizes the structural differences between DNA and RNA?
a.
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RNA is a protein, whereas DNA is a nucleic acid. |
b.
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DNA is a protein, whereas RNA is a nucleic acid. |
c.
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DNA nucleotides contain a different sugar than RNA nucleotides. |
d.
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RNA is a double helix, but DNA is single-stranded. |
e.
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A and D are correct. |
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