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| The Chemical Basis of Life
Elements, Atoms, And Molecules |
Chemical Bonds
Elements, Atoms, And Molecules |
Periodic Table.swf
Elements, Atoms, And Molecules |
Elements Song
2.1 Living organisms are composed of about 25 chemical elements |
The Structure of Atoms 2.4 Atoms consist of protons, neutrons, and electrons |
Atomic Symbols, Atomic Numbers, and Mass Numbers
2.4 Atoms consist of protons, neutrons, and electrons |
| Electron Arrangement
2.4 Atoms consist of protons, neutrons, and electrons |
Electron Configurations
2.6 Electron arrangement determines the chemical properties of an atom |
Atomic Structure and Ionic Bonding
2.6 Electron arrangement determines the chemical properties of an atom |
Ionic Bonds 1
2.7 Ionic bonds are attractions between ions of opposite charge |
Ionic Bonds 2
2.7 Ionic bonds are attractions between ions of opposite charge |
Covalent Bonds 1
2.8 Covalent bonds join atoms into molecules through electron sharing |
| Covalent Bonds 2
2.8 Covalent bonds join atoms into molecules through electron sharing |
Hydrogen Bonding Attractive Force
2.10 Hydrogen bonds are weak bonds important in the chemistry of life |
A Closer Look at Water
2.10 Hydrogen bonds are weak bonds important in the chemistry of life |
Structure of Water
2.10 Hydrogen bonds are weak bonds important in the chemistry of life |
Water and Life
Water’s Life-Supporting Properties |
A Quick Look at How Ionic Compounds Dissolve
2.14 Water is the solvent of life |
| Molecular View of Solution Formation
2.14 Water is the solvent of life |
Salt Dissolving in Water
2.14 Water is the solvent of life |
Proton Exchange Between Water Molecules
2.15 The chemistry of life is sensitive to acidic and basic conditions |
Water & pH
2.15 The chemistry of life is sensitive to acidic and basic conditions |
Organic Molecules
Introduction To Organic Compounds |
Carbon Skeletons
3.1 Life’s molecular diversity is based on the properties of carbon |
| Isomers
3.1 Life’s molecular diversity is based on the properties of carbon |
Functional Groups 1
3.2 Functional groups help determine the properties of organic compounds |
Functional Groups 2
3.2 Functional groups help determine the properties of organic compounds |
Macromolecules 1
Introduction To Organic Compounds |
Macromolecules 2
Introduction To Organic Compounds |
Biomolecules The Carbohydrates
Introduction To Organic Compounds |
| Polymers
3.3 Cells make a huge number of large molecules from a small set of small molecules |
Glucose Cyclization
3.4 Monosaccharides are the simplest carbohydrates |
Disaccharides
3.5 Cells link two single sugars to form disaccharides |
Polysaccharides
3.7 Polysaccharides are long chains of sugar units |
Biomolecules – The Lipids
3.8 Fats are lipids that are mostly energy-storage molecules |
Fats
3.8 Fats are lipids that are mostly energy-storage molecules |
| Amino Acid & Protein Structure
Proteins |
Peptide Bond Formation
3.12 Proteins are made from amino acids linked by peptide bonds |
Protein Denaturation
3.13 A protein’s specific shape determines its function |
Protein Denaturation
3.13 A protein’s specific shape determines its function |
Heat Changes Protein Structure: Frying an Egg
3.13 A protein’s specific shape determines its function |
Life Cycle of a Protein
3.13 A protein’s specific shape determines its function |
| Protein Structure Intro
3.14 A protein’s shape depends on four levels of structure |
Protein Primary Structure
3.14 A protein’s shape depends on four levels of structure |
Protein Secondary Structure
3.14 A protein’s shape depends on four levels of structure |
Protein Tertiary Structure
3.14 A protein’s shape depends on four levels of structure |
Protein Quarternary Structure
3.14 A protein’s shape depends on four levels of structure |
Structure of Proteins
3.14 A protein’s shape depends on four levels of structure |
| Protein Folding Interactive
3.14 A protein’s shape depends on four levels of structure/ |
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| Energy Concepts 5.1 Energy is the capacity to perform work |
Enzymes and Metabolism Energy And The Cell; How Enzymes Function |
How Enzymes Work 1 Energy And The Cell; How Enzymes Function |
Enzyme Catalysis 1 How Enzymes Function |
Enzyme-Substrate Interaction How Enzymes Function |
The Purification of Hemoglobin How Enzymes Function |
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How Enzymes Work 2 |
Enzyme Action and the Hydrolysis of Sucrose |
Allosteric Regulation of Enzymes 5.7 The cellular environment affects enzyme activity |
A Biochemical Pathway
5.7 The cellular environment affects enzyme activity |
Enzyme Catalysis 2
5.8 Enzyme inhibitors block enzyme action |
Feedback Inhibition of Biochemical Pathways
5.8 Enzyme inhibitors block enzyme action |
| Membranes and Transport Membrane Structure And Function |
Cell Membrane Membrane Structure And Function |
Cellular Transport Membrane Structure And Function |
Biological Membranes Membrane Structure And Function |
Membrane Transport
Membrane Structure And Function |
Membrane Selectivity
5.10 Membranes organize the chemical activities of cells |
| Cell Membrane Composition
5.11 Membrane phospholipids form a bilayer |
Diffusion
5.14 Passive transport is diffusion across a membrane |
How Diffusion Works
5.14 Passive transport is diffusion across a membrane
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Passive Transport
5.14 Passive transport is diffusion across a membrane |
How Facilitated Diffusion Works
5.15 Transport proteins may facilitate diffusion across membranes |
How Osmosis Works
5.16 Osmosis is the diffusion of water across a membrane |
| Osmosis 1
5.16 Osmosis is the diffusion of water across a membrane |
Osmosis 2
5.16 Osmosis is the diffusion of water across a membrane |
Plasmolysis
5.17 Water balance between cells and their surroundings is crucial to organisms |
Active Transport 1
5.18 Cells expend energy for active transport |
Active Transport 2
5.18 Cells expend energy for active transport |
Active Transport: The Sodium-Potassium Pump
5.18 Cells expend energy for active transport |
| Active Transport by Group Translocation
5.18 Cells expend energy for active transport |
Active Transport by Group Translocation
5.18 Cells expend energy for active transport |
Antiport
5.18 Cells expend energy for active transport |
ATPase
5.18 Cells expend energy for active transport |
ATP-ADP Exchange
5.18 Cells expend energy for active transport |
Cotransport (Symport & Antiport)
5.18 Cells expend energy for active transport |
| Glucose Transporter
5.18 Cells expend energy for active transport |
How the Sodium Potassium Pump Works
5.18 Cells expend energy for active transport |
Lactose Permease
5.18 Cells expend energy for active transport |
Proton Pump 1
5.18 Cells expend energy for active transport |
Proton Pump 2
5.18 Cells expend energy for active transport |
Receptors Linked to a Channel Protein
5.18 Cells expend energy for active transport |
| Receptors Linked to a Channel Protein
5.18 Cells expend energy for active transport |
Secondary Active Transport
5.18 Cells expend energy for active transport |
Sodium-Potassium Exchange Pump
5.18 Cells expend energy for active transport |
Symport
5.18 Cells expend energy for active transport |
Uniport
5.18 Cells expend energy for active transport |
Voltage-Gated Channels & the Action Potential
5.18 Cells expend energy for active transport |
| Endocytosis & Exocytosis
5.19 Exocytosis and endocytosis transport large molecules |
Exocytosis
5.19 Exocytosis and endocytosis transport large molecules |
Food Vacuoles Handle Digestion & Excretion
5.19 Exocytosis and endocytosis transport large molecules |
Intro to Exocytosis and Endocytosis
5.19 Exocytosis and endocytosis transport large molecules |
Phagocytosis 1
5.19 Exocytosis and endocytosis transport large molecules |
Phagocytosis 2
5.19 Exocytosis and endocytosis transport large molecules |
| Pinocytosis
5.19 Exocytosis and endocytosis transport large molecules |
Receptor-Mediated Endocytosis
5.19 Exocytosis and endocytosis transport large molecules |
Biology & Biologists
The Scope Of Biology |
The Biological Hierarchy
1.1 Life’s levels of organization define the scope of biology |
Shared Characteristic of Life
1.4 The unity of life: All forms of life have common features |
Negative Feedback System
1.4 The unity of life: All forms of life have common features |
| Positive Feedback System
1.4 The unity of life: All forms of life have common features |
Classification Schemes of Living Things
1.5 The diversity of life can be arranged into three domains |
The Scientific Method 1
1.8 With hypothesis-based science, we pose and test hypotheses |
The Scientific Method 2
1.8 With hypothesis-based science, we pose and test hypotheses |
Model Organisms
1.9 Biology is connected to our lives in many ways |
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| Cells: The Basics
Introduction To The Cell |
Cellular Organization
Introduction To The Cell |
More About Cells
Chapter 4: A Tour of Cells |
Cell Size & Scale
4.2 Most cells are microscopic Cell Size |
Cell Structure and Function
4.4 Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartments |
Plant Cells
4.4 Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartments |
| Protein Secretion
4.6 Overview: Many cell organelles are connected through the endomembrane system |
Endomembrane System
4.6 Overview: Many cell organelles are connected through the endomembrane system |
Vesicular Budding and Fusing
4.6 Overview: Many cell organelles are connected through the endomembrane system |
The Endoplasmic Reticulum & Golgi Apparatus
4.6 Overview: Many cell organelles are connected through the endomembrane system |
Vesicular Maturation Model Animation
4.9 The Golgi apparatus finishes, sorts, and ships cell products |
Golgi Apparatus
4.9 The Golgi apparatus finishes, sorts, and ships cell products |
| Cisternae Maturation Model Animation
4.9 The Golgi apparatus finishes, sorts, and ships cell products |
Lysosomes
4.10 Lysosomes are digestive compartments within a cell |
Lysosome Formation
4.10 Lysosomes are digestive compartments within a cell |
Cytoplasmic Streaming
The Cytoskeleton And Related Structures |
Cilia and Flagella
4.17 Cilia and flagella move when microtubules bend |
Flagella & Cilia Movement
4.17 Cilia and flagella move when microtubules bend |
| Flagella & Cilia Movement
4.17 Cilia and flagella move when microtubules bend |
Cell Junctions
Cell Surfaces And Junctions |
Tight Junctions
4.18 Cell surfaces protect, support, and join cells |
Desmosomes
4.18 Cell surfaces protect, support, and join cells |
Gap Junction
4.18 Cell surfaces protect, support, and join cells
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METABOLISM |
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| An Overview of Metabolism
Introduction To Cellular Respiration |
How the NAD+ Works
6.5 Cells tap energy from electrons “falling” from organic fuels to oxygen |
Cellular Respiration
Introduction To Cellular Respiration |
Glycolysis 1
Stages Of Cellular Respiration And Fermentation |
Cellular Respiration Overview
6.6 Overview: Cellular respiration occurs in three main stages |
How Glycolysis Works
6.7 Glycolysis harvests chemical energy by oxidizing glucose to pyruvate |
| Glycolysis 2
6.7 Glycolysis harvests chemical energy by oxidizing glucose to pyruvate |
Glycolysis 3
6.7 Glycolysis harvests chemical energy by oxidizing glucose to pyruvate |
Glycolysis 4
6.7 Glycolysis harvests chemical energy by oxidizing glucose to pyruvate |
The TCA Cycle
Stages Of Cellular Respiration And Fermentation |
Citric Acid Cycle
6.8 Pyruvate is chemically groomed for the citric acid cycle |
Krebs Citric Acid Cycle
6.8 Pyruvate is chemically groomed for the citric acid cycle |
| How the Krebs Cycle Works
6.8 Pyruvate is chemically groomed for the citric acid cycle |
Tricarboxylic Acid Cycle (Citric Acid Cycle)
6.8 Pyruvate is chemically groomed for the citric acid cycle |
ATP Synthesis
6.10 Most ATP production occurs by oxidative phosphorylation |
Electron Transport Chain 1
6.10 Most ATP production occurs by oxidative phosphorylation |
Electron Transport Chain 2
6.10 Most ATP production occurs by oxidative phosphorylation |
Electron Transport: Aerobic and Anaerobic Conditions
6.10 Most ATP production occurs by oxidative phosphorylation |
| Electron Transport, ATP Synthesis, and Chemiosmosis
6.10 Most ATP production occurs by oxidative phosphorylation |
Electron Transport System & ATP Synthesis
6.10 Most ATP production occurs by oxidative phosphorylation |
Electron Transport and ATP Synthesis
6.10 Most ATP production occurs by oxidative phosphorylation |
Electron Transport System and Formation of ATP
6.10 Most ATP production occurs by oxidative phosphorylation |
Mitochondria/Electron Transport
6.10 Most ATP production occurs by oxidative phosphorylation |
Mitochondrial Electron Transport
6.10 Most ATP production occurs by oxidative phosphorylation |
| Two Experiments Demonstrate the Chemiosmotic Mechanism
6.10 Most ATP production occurs by oxidative phosphorylation |
Fermentation Overview
6.13 Fermentation is an anaerobic alternative to cellular respiration |
Introduction to Photosynthesis
Chapter 7: Photosynthesis: Using Light to Make Food |
Photosynthesis
An Overview Of Photosynthesis |
The Light Reactions
The Light Reactions: Converting Solar Energy To Chemical Energy |
Light and Pigments
7.6 Visible radiation drives the light reactions |
| Cyclic & Noncyclic Photophosphoylation
7.7 Photosystems capture solar power |
Photosynthetic Electron Transport & ATP Synthesis
7.7 Photosystems capture solar power |
Light Reactions
7.7 Photosystems capture solar power |
Light Reactions in Photosynthesis
7.7 Photosystems capture solar power |
Photosynthesis Light Reactions
7.8 In the light reactions, electron transport chains generate ATP and NADPH |
Photosynthetic Electron Transport
7.8 In the light reactions, electron transport chains generate ATP and NADPH |
| The Source of the Oxygen Produced by Photosynthesis
7.8 In the light reactions, electron transport chains generate ATP and NADPH |
Photophosphorylation
7.9 Chemiosmosis powers ATP synthesis in the light reactions |
Calvin Cycle
The Calvin Cycle: Converting CO2 To Sugars |
The Calvin-Benson Cycle
7.10 ATP and NADPH power sugar synthesis in the Calvin cycle |
Carbon Fixation in Photosynthesis
7.10 ATP and NADPH power sugar synthesis in the Calvin cycle |
Dark Reactions/Calvin Cycle
7.10 ATP and NADPH power sugar synthesis in the Calvin cycle |
| How the Calvin Cycle Works
7.10 ATP and NADPH power sugar synthesis in the Calvin cycle |
Tracing the Pathway of CO2
7.10 ATP and NADPH power sugar synthesis in the Calvin cycle |
Cell Division 2
The Eukaryotic Cell Cycle And Mitosis |
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| Cell Division 1
Connections Between Cell Division And Reproduction |
The Cell Cycle & Mitosis #1
The Eukaryotic Cell Cycle And Mitosis |
How the Cell Cycle Works
The Eukaryotic Cell Cycle And Mitosis |
Mitosis = Detailed All Stages
The Eukaryotic Cell Cycle And Mitosis |
Cell Cycle and Mitosis #2
8.5 The cell cycle multiplies cells – Cell Cycle and Mitosis |
Mitosis Overview
8.5 The cell cycle multiplies cells |
| Animated Mitosis
8.6 Cell division is a continuum of dynamic changes |
Mitosis 2
8.6 Cell division is a continuum of dynamic changes |
Mitosis 1
8.6 Cell division is a continuum of dynamic changes |
Mitosis & Cytokinesis
8.6 Cell division is a continuum of dynamic changes |
Cytokinesis 1
8.7 Cytokinesis differs for plant and animal cells |
Cytokinesis 2
8.7 Cytokinesis differs for plant and animal cells |
| Cell Proliferation Signaling Pathway
8.9 Growth factors signal the cell cycle control system |
Control of the Cell Cycle
8.9 Growth factors signal the cell cycle control system |
The Function of Cohesion
8.9 Growth factors signal the cell cycle control system |
How Tumor Suppressor Genes Block Cell Division
8.9 Growth factors signal the cell cycle control system |
Stimulation of Cell Replication
8.9 Growth factors signal the cell cycle control system |
Comparison of Mitosis & Meiosis
The Eukaryotic Cell Cycle And Mitosis |
| Mitosis and Meiosis
The Eukaryotic Cell Cycle And Mitosis |
How Meiosis Works
Meiosis and Crossing Over |
Sexual Life Cycle & Meiosis
Meiosis and Crossing Over |
Meiosis Overview
8.14 Meiosis reduces the chromosome number from diploid to haploid |
Meiosis I
8.14 Meiosis reduces the chromosome number from diploid to haploid |
Meiosis 1
8.14 Meiosis reduces the chromosome number from diploid to haploid |
| Meiosis II
8.14 Meiosis reduces the chromosome number from diploid to haploid |
Meiosis 3
8.14 Meiosis reduces the chromosome number from diploid to haploid |
Meiosis 2
8.14 Meiosis reduces the chromosome number from diploid to haploid |
Stages of Meiosis
8.14 Meiosis reduces the chromosome number from diploid to haploid |
Independent Assortment and Gamete Diversity
8.16 Independent orientation of chromosomes in meiosis and random fertilization lead to varied offspring |
Random Orientation of Chromosomes During Meiosis
8.16 Independent orientation of chromosomes in meiosis and random fertilization lead to varied offspring |
| Genetic Variation
8.16 Independent orientation of chromosomes in meiosis and random fertilization lead to varied offspring |
Genetic Variation in Meiosis
8.16 Independent orientation of chromosomes in meiosis and random fertilization lead to varied offspring |
Unique Features of Meiosis
8.16 Independent orientation of chromosomes in meiosis and random fertilization lead to varied offspring |
Crossing Over
8.18 Crossing over further increases genetic variability |
Crossing Over
8.18 Crossing over further increases genetic variability |
Meiosis with Crossing Over
8.18 Crossing over further increases genetic variability |
| Mistakes in Meiosis
Alterations Of Chromosome Number And Structure |
The Consequence of Inversion
8.23 Alterations of chromosome structure can cause birth defects and cancer |
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| Genes & Chromosomes
Chapter 9: Patterns of Inheritance |
Mendel’s Experiments
Mendel’s Laws |
The Mendelian Model of Inheritance
Mendel’s Laws |
Independent Assortment of Alleles
9.5 The law of independent assortment is revealed by tracking two characteristics at once |
Inheritance of Several Diseases Based on Genetic Mechanisms
9.9 Many inherited disorders in humans are controlled by a single gene |
Alleles That Do Not Sort Independently
9.11 The relationship of genotype to phenotype is rarely simple |
| Virtual Fly Lab
The Chromosomal Basis of Inheritance |
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| DNA Replication 5
Chapter 10: Molecular Biology of the Gene
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DNA Discovery & Structure
The Structure of the Genetic Material
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Hershey-Chase Experiment
10.1 Experiments showed that DNA is the genetic material
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Hershey & Chase Experiment
10.1 Experiments showed that DNA is the genetic material
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Phage T2 Replication
10.1 Experiments showed that DNA is the genetic material
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Steps in the Replication of T4 Phage in E. Coli
10.1 Experiments showed that DNA is the genetic material
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| Virus
10.1 Experiments showed that DNA is the genetic material |
From Cell to DNA
10.2 DNA and RNA are polymers of nucleotides |
DNA & RNA Structure
10.2 DNA and RNA are polymers of nucleotides |
DNA Anatomy
10.2 DNA and RNA are polymers of nucleotides |
DNA Double Helix
10.3 DNA is a double-stranded helix |
DNA Structure
10.3 DNA is a double-stranded helix |
| DNA Replication 6
DNA Replication |
DNA Replication Overview
DNA Replication |
Overview of Replication
DNA Replication |
Meselson & Stahl Experiment
10.4 DNA replication depends on specific base pairing |
The Meselson-Stahl Experiment
10.4 DNA replication depends on specific base pairing |
Prokaryotic DNA Replication
10.4 DNA replication depends on specific base pairing |
| Structural Basis of DNA Replication
10.4 DNA replication depends on specific base pairing |
DNA Replication (E. coli)
10.5 DNA replication: A closer look |
Bidirectional Replication of DNA 1
10.5 DNA replication: A closer look |
Bidirectional Replication of DNA 2
10.5 DNA replication: A closer look |
DNA Replication 1
10.5 DNA replication: A closer look |
DNA Replication 2
10.5 DNA replication: A closer look |
| DNA Replication 3
10.5 DNA replication: A closer look |
DNA Replication 4
10.5 DNA replication: A closer look |
Origins of Replication
10.5 DNA replication: A closer look |
DNA Replication Fork 1
10.5 DNA replication: A closer look |
DNA Replication Fork 2
10.5 DNA replication: A closer look |
Coordination of Leading and Lagging Strand Synthesis |
| How Nucleotides are Added in DNA Replication
10.5 DNA replication: A closer look |
Leading Strand
10.5 DNA replication: A closer look |
Lagging Strand
10.5 DNA replication: A closer look |
Nucleotide Polymerization by DNA Polymerase
10.5 DNA replication: A closer look |
Proofreading Function of DNA Polymerase
10.5 DNA replication: A closer look |
Telomerase Function
10.5 DNA replication: A closer look |
| Direct Repair
10.5 DNA replication: A closer look |
Methyl-directed Mismatch Repair
10.5 DNA replication: A closer look |
Nucleotide Excision Repair
10.5 DNA replication: A closer look |
DNA Replication Review
DNA Replication |
Overview of Eukaryotic Gene Expression
The Flow of Genetic Information From DNA to RNA to Protein |
Simple Gene Expression
The Flow of Genetic Information From DNA to RNA to Protein |
| The Transcription of DNA to RNA
The Flow of Genetic Information From DNA to RNA to Protein |
Processing of Gene Information – Prokaryotes versus Eukaryotes
10.6 The DNA genotype is expressed as proteins, which provide the molecular basis for phenotypic traits |
Deciphering the Genetic Code
10.7 Genetic information written in codons is translated into amino acid sequences |
DNA Transcription 1
10.9 Transcription produces genetic messages in the form of RNA |
DNA Transcription 2
10.9 Transcription produces genetic messages in the form of RNA |
mRNA Synthesis (Transcription)
10.9 Transcription produces genetic messages in the form of RNA |
| Stages of Transcription
10.9 Transcription produces genetic messages in the form of RNA |
Transcription 2
10.9 Transcription produces genetic messages in the form of RNA |
Transcription 3
10.9 Transcription produces genetic messages in the form of RNA |
Overview of mRNA Processing
10.10 Eukaryotic RNA is processed before leaving the nucleus |
RNA Splicing 1
10.10 Eukaryotic RNA is processed before leaving the nucleus |
RNA Translation
The Flow of Genetic Information From DNA to RNA to Protein |
| Translation 1
The Flow of Genetic Information From DNA to RNA to Protein |
Translation 2
The Flow of Genetic Information From DNA to RNA to Protein |
How Spliceosomes Process RNA
10.10 Eukaryotic RNA is processed before leaving the nucleus |
Polyribosomes
10.12 Ribosomes build polypeptides |
Polyribosomes
10.12 Ribosomes build polypeptides |
Protein Synthesis 1
The Flow of Genetic Information From DNA to RNA to Protein |
| Translation Initiation
10.13 An initiation codon marks the start of an mRNA message |
How Translation Works
10.14 Elongation adds amino acids to the polypeptide chain until a stop codon terminates translation |
Protein Synthesis 2
10.14 Elongation adds amino acids to the polypeptide chain until a stop codon terminates translation |
Translation Elongation
10.14 Elongation adds amino acids to the polypeptide chain until a stop codon terminates translation |
Translation: Protein Synthesis
10.14 Elongation adds amino acids to the polypeptide chain until a stop codon terminates translation |
Translation Termination
10.14 Elongation adds amino acids to the polypeptide chain until a stop codon terminates translation |
| Aminoacyl tRNA Synthetase
10.14 Elongation adds amino acids to the polypeptide chain until a stop codon terminates translation |
Protein Synthesis: At the Ribosome
10.15 Review: The flow of genetic information in the cell is DNA → RNA → protein |
Protein Synthesis 3
10.15 Review: The flow of genetic information in the cell is DNA → RNA → protein |
Addition and Deletion Mutations
10.16 Mutations can change the meaning of genes |
Changes in Chromosome Structure
10.16 Mutations can change the meaning of genes |
Mutation by Base Substitution
10.16 Mutations can change the meaning of genes |
| Slipped-strand Mispairing
10.16 Mutations can change the meaning of genes |
Thymine Dimers
10.16 Mutations can change the meaning of genes |
Viral & Bacterial Genomes
Microbial Genetics |
Simple Viral Reproduction
10.17 Viral DNA may become part of the host chromosome |
Viral Infection
10.17 Viral DNA may become part of the host chromosome |
Lytic Cycle
10.17 Viral DNA may become part of the host chromosome |
| The Lytic Cycle
10.17 Viral DNA may become part of the host chromosome |
Life Cycle of T2 Phage
10.17 Viral DNA may become part of the host chromosome |
Lysogeny
10.17 Viral DNA may become part of the host chromosome |
Lysogenic Cycle
10.17 Viral DNA may become part of the host chromosome |
Entry of Virus into Host Cell
10.18 Many viruses cause disease in animals |
Mechanism for Releasing Enveloped Viruses
10.18 Many viruses cause disease in animals |
| How Prions Arise
10.20 Emerging viruses threaten human health |
Prion Diseases
10.20 Emerging viruses threaten human health |
HIV Replication
10.21 The AIDS virus makes DNA on an RNA template |
How the HIV Infection Cycle Works
10.21 The AIDS virus makes DNA on an RNA template |
Replication Cycle of a Retrovirus
10.21 The AIDS virus makes DNA on an RNA template |
Treatment of HIV
10.21 The AIDS virus makes DNA on an RNA template |
| Integration and Excision of a Plasmid
10.22 Bacteria can transfer DNA in three ways |
Bacterial Transformation 1
10.22 Bacteria can transfer DNA in three ways |
Bacterial Transformation 2
10.22 Bacteria can transfer DNA in three ways |
DNA Transformation 1
10.22 Bacteria can transfer DNA in three ways |
DNA Transformation 2
10.22 Bacteria can transfer DNA in three ways |
Bacterial Conjugation
10.23 Bacterial plasmids can serve as carriers for gene transfer
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| Bacterial Conjugation – Transfer of a Plasmid
10.23 Bacterial plasmids can serve as carriers for gene transfer |
Mechanisms of Transposition | Transposons: Shifting Segments of the Genome | |||
DNA TECHNOLOGY |
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| Principles of Biotechnology
Chapter 12: DNA Technology & Genomics |
Early Genetic Engineering Experiment
12.1 Plasmids are used to customize bacteria: An overview |
Construction of a Plasmid Vector
12.2 Enzymes are used to “cut and paste” DNA |
DNA Restriction
12.2 Enzymes are used to “cut and paste” DNA |
Restriction Endonucleases
12.2 Enzymes are used to “cut and paste” DNA |
Restriction Enzymes
12.2 Enzymes are used to “cut and paste” DNA |
| Plasmid Cloning
12.3 Genes can be cloned in recombinant plasmids: A closer look |
Construction of a DNA Library
12.4 Cloned genes can be stored in genomic libraries |
Steps in Cloning a Gene 1
12.4 Cloned genes can be stored in genomic libraries |
Steps in Cloning a Gene 2
12.4 Cloned genes can be stored in genomic libraries |
cDNA
12.5 Reverse transcriptase helps make genes for cloning |
DNA Testing by Allele-Specific Cleavage
12.7 DNA technology is changing the pharmaceutical industry and medicine |
| DNA Probe (DNA hybridization)
12.8 Nucleic acid probes identify clones carrying specific genes |
FISH
12.8 Nucleic acid probes identify clones carrying specific genes |
DNA Arrays
12.9 DNA microarrays test for the expression of many genes at once |
DNA Chip Technology
12.9 DNA microarrays test for the expression of many genes at once |
GeneChips®
12.9 DNA microarrays test for the expression of many genes at once0 |
Microarray
12.9 DNA microarrays test for the expression of many genes at once |
| Electrophoresis
12.10 Gel electrophoresis sorts DNA molecules by size |
Gel Electrophoresis 1
12.10 Gel electrophoresis sorts DNA molecules by size |
Gel Electrophoresis 2
12.10 Gel electrophoresis sorts DNA molecules by size |
DNA Fingerprinting
12.12 DNA technology is used in courts of law |
Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphisms
12.12 DNA technology is used in courts of law |
Southern Blot
12.12 DNA technology is used in courts of law |
| How Embryonic Stem Cell Lines are Made
12.13 Gene therapy may someday help treat a variety of diseases |
Human Embryonic Stem Cells 1
12.13 Gene therapy may someday help treat a variety of diseases |
Human Embryonic Stem Cells 2
12.13 Gene therapy may someday help treat a variety of diseases |
The Potential Use of Embryonic Stem Cells in Medicine
12.13 Gene therapy may someday help treat a variety of diseases |
PCR Reactions
12.14 The PCR method is used to amplify DNA sequences |
Polymerase Chain Reaction 1
12.14 The PCR method is used to amplify DNA sequences |
| Polymerase Chain Reaction 2
12.14 The PCR method is used to amplify DNA sequences |
Polymerase Chain Reaction 3
12.14 The PCR method is used to amplify DNA sequences Polymerase Chain Reaction |
Polymerase Chain Reaction 4 | Cycle Sequencing
12.15 The Human Genome Project is an ambitious application of DNA technology |
Early DNA Sequencing
12.15 The Human Genome Project is an ambitious application of DNA technology |
Sanger Sequencing
12.15 The Human Genome Project is an ambitious application of DNA technology |
| Sequencing of DNA
12.15 The Human Genome Project is an ambitious application of DNA technology; Sequencing of DNA |
Sequencing the Genome
12.15 The Human Genome Project is an ambitious application of DNA technology |
High-Throughput Sequencing
12.15 The Human Genome Project is an ambitious application of DNA technology |
Applications of Biotechnology
Genetically Modified Organisms Connection |
Antisense RNA Technology
12.18 Genetically modified organisms are transforming agriculture |
Genes into Plants Using the Ti-plasmid
12.18 Genetically modified organisms are transforming agriculture
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| Cloning 101
12.18 Genetically modified organisms are transforming agriculture
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| Mechanisms of Evolution 2
Chapter 13: Darwin’s Theory of Evolution |
Darwin in Historical Context
Darwin’s Theory Of Evolution |
Evolutionary Changes Video
Population Genetics And The Modern Synthesis |
Mechanisms of Evolution 1
Population Genetics And The Modern Synthesis |
Hardy-Weinberg Conditions Animation
13.7 The gene pool of a non-evolving population remains constant over the generations |
The Hardy-Weinberg Law and the Effects of Inbreeding and Natural Selection
13.7 The gene pool of a non-evolving population remains constant over the generations |
| Population Genetics and Evolution
13.7 The gene pool of a non-evolving population remains constant over the generations |
Simulation of Genetic Drift
13.9 In addition to natural selection, genetic drift and gene flow can contribute to evolution |
Natural Selection
13.16 Natural selection can alter variation in a population in three ways |
Assessing the Costs of Adaptations
13.18 Natural selection cannot fashion perfect organisms |
Models of Speciation
Mechanisms Of Speciation |
Speciation
Mechanisms Of Speciation |
| Speciation Models
Mechanisms Of Speciation |
Founder Events Lead to Allopatric Speciation
14.5 Reproductive barriers may evolve as populations diverge |
Speciation by Ploidy / Adaptive Radiation in Anoles
14.7 Polyploid plants clothe and feed us |
Gradualism vs. Punctuated Equilibrium
14.10 The tempo of speciation can appear steady or jumpy |
Macroevolution Video | Evolution of the Continents
16.1 Life began on a young Earth |
| Evolution of the Continents
16.1 Life began on a young Earth |
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| Pasteur’s Experiment
16.2 How did life originate? |
Miller-Urey Experiment
16.3 Stanley Miller’s experiments showed that organic molecules could have arisen on a lifeless Earth |
Synthesis of Prebiotic Molecules in an Experimental Atmosphere
16.3 Stanley Miller’s experiments showed that organic molecules could have arisen on a lifeless Earth |
Prokaryotes
Prokaryotes |
Bacterial Endospore Formation
16.10 Various structural features contribute to the success of prokaryotes |
The Simplest Eukaryotes – Protists & Fungi
Protists |
| Unicellular Eukaryotes
Protists |
Malaria: Life Cycle of Plasmodium
16.21 Alveolates have sacs beneath the plasma membrane and include dinoflagellates, apicomplexans, and ciliates |
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| The Fungi
Fungi |
The Fungi Kingdom – Common Characteristics of Fungi
17.15 Fungi absorb food after digesting it outside their bodies |
Chytridiomycetes
17.17 Fungi can be classified into five groups |
The Zygomycetes
17.17 Fungi can be classified into five groups |
Life Cycle & Conjugation in a Zygomycete
17.17 Fungi can be classified into five groups |
The Ascomycetes
17.17 Fungi can be classified into five groups |
| The Basidiomycetes of the Fungi Kingdom
17.17 Fungi can be classified into five groups |
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| An Introduction to the Animals
Animal Evolution And Diversity |
Overview of Invertebrates
Animal Evolution And Diversity |
Life Cycle of a Cnidarian
18.6 Cnidarians are radial animals with tentacles and stinging cells |
From Invertebrates to Vertebrates
Invertebrates; Vertebrates |
Life Cycle of a Frog
18.18 Amphibians were the first tetrapods–vertebrates with two pairs of limbs |
Marine Iguanas
18.19 Reptiles are amniotes–tetrapods with a terrestrially adapted egg |
| Tortoise
18.19 Reptiles are amniotes–tetrapods with a terrestrially adapted egg |
Bat Pollinating
18.21 Mammals are amniotes that have hair and produce milk |
Animal Form and Function
Chapter 20: Unifying Concepts of Animal Structure & Function
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Organization in Living Things
The Hierarchy of Structural Organization in An Animal
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Specialized Plant and Animal Cells
20.2 Animal structure has a hierarchy
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| Plants and Their Relatives
Plant Evolution and Diversity |
Plant Life Cycles
Alternation of Generations and Plant Life Cycles |
The Plant Kingdom – An Introduction
Plant Evolution and Diversity |
Life Cycle of a Moss
17.5 Mosses have a dominant gametophyte |
Moss Life Cycle
17.5 Mosses have a dominant gametophyte |
Fern Life Cycle
17.6 Ferns, like most plants, have a dominant sporophyte |
| Gymnosperms: Seeds in Cones
17.8 A pine tree is a sporophyte with tiny gametophytes in its cones |
Life Cycle of a Conifer
17.8 A pine tree is a sporophyte with tiny gametophytes in its cones |
Pine Life Cycle
17.8 A pine tree is a sporophyte with tiny gametophytes in its cones |
Life Cycle of a Angiosperm
17.10 The angiosperm plant is a sporophyte with gametophytes in its flowers |
Fruit – Triumph of the Angiosperms
17.11 The structure of a fruit reflects its function in seed dispersal |
Section Through a Leaf
31.6 Three tissue systems make up the plant body |
| Cambium Growth
31.8 Secondary growth increases the girth of woody plants |
Secondary Growth – The Vascular Cambium
31.8 Secondary growth increases the girth of woody plants |
Plant Reproduction and Development
Reproduction of Flowering Plants |
Parts of a Flower
31.9 Overview: The sexual life cycle of a flowering plant |
Chapter 31: Double Fertilization in Flowering Plants
31.10 The development of pollen and ovules culminates in fertilization |
Plant Fertilization
31.10 The development of pollen and ovules culminates in fertilization |
| Plant Reproduction
31.10 The development of pollen and ovules culminates in fertilization
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Seed Development
31.11 The ovule develops into a seed |
Fruit Development
31.12 The ovary develops into a fruit |
Angiosperms: Seeds in Fruit
31.13 Seed germination continues the life cycle |
Plant Nutrition
Chapter 32: Plant Nutrition & Transport
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Transpiration in Plants
The Uptake and Transport of Plant Nutrients
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| Transport in Roots
32.2 The plasma membranes of root cells control solute uptake |
Water Uptake
32.2 The plasma membranes of root cells control solute uptake |
Cohesion Adhesion Tension Model
32.3 Transpiration pulls water up xylem vessels |
Transpiration 1
32.3 Transpiration pulls water up xylem vessels |
Phloem Loading
32.5 Phloem transports sugars |
Phloem Translocation in Summer
32.5 Phloem transports sugars |
| Phloem Translocation in Spring
32.5 Phloem transports sugars |
The Pressure Flow Model
32.5 Phloem transports sugars |
Sugar Transport in Plants
32.5 Phloem transports sugars |
Nitrogen & Iron Deficiencies
32.6 Plant health depends on a complete diet of essential inorganic nutrients |
Minerals from Soil
32.8 Fertile soil supports plant growth
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Mineral Uptake
32.8 Fertile soil supports plant growth
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| Control Systems in Plants
Chapter 33: Control Systems in Plants |
Auxin Affects Cell Walls
33.3 Auxin stimulates the elongation of cells in young shoots |
Tropisms
3.9 Tropisms orient plant growth toward or away from environmental stimuli |
Went’s Experiment
33.9 Tropisms orient plant growth toward or away from environmental stimuli |
The Effect of Interrupted Days & Nights
3.10 Plants have internal clocks |
Phytochrome Signaling
33.12 Phytochrome is a light detector that may help set the biological clock |
| Signaling between Plants & Pathogens
33.14 Defenses against herbivores and infectious microbes have evolved in plants |
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| The Digestive System
Chapter 21: Nutrition & Digestion |
Diet and Feeding Mechanisms
Obtaining and Processing Food |
Organs of Digestion
Human Digestive System |
Hormones & Gastric Secretions
21.9 The stomach stores food and breaks it down with acid and enzymes |
Hormones and Gastric Secretion
21.9 The stomach stores food and breaks it down with acid and enzymes |
Hydrochloric Acid Production… of the Stomach
21.9 The stomach stores food and breaks it down with acid and enzymes |
| Three Phases of Gastric Secretion
21.9 The stomach stores food and breaks it down with acid and enzymes |
Reflexes in the Colon
21.12 The large intestine reclaims water and compacts the feces |
B Vitamins
21.18 A healthy diet includes 13 vitamins |
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RESPIRATION |
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| The Respiratory System
Chapter 22: Gas Exchange |
Airflow in Mammals
22.2 Animals exchange O2 and CO2 across moist body surfaces |
Alveolar Pressure Changes During Inspiration and Expiration
22.9 Blood transports respiratory gases |
Changes in the Partial Pressures of Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide
22.9 Blood transports respiratory gases |
Gas Exchange During Respiration
22.9 Blood transports respiratory gases |
Airflow in Birds
22.2 Animals exchange O2 and CO2 across moist body surfaces |
| Movement of Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide
22.9 Blood transports respiratory gases |
Path of Blood: Review
22.9 Blood transports respiratory gases |
Blood to Tissues
22.9 Blood transports respiratory gases |
Tissues to Blood
22.9 Blood transports respiratory gases |
Blood to Lungs
22.9 Blood transports respiratory gases |
Lungs to Blood
22.9 Blood transports respiratory gases |
CIRCULATION |
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| The Circulatory System #1
Chapter 23: Circulation |
The Circulatory System #2
The Mammalian Cardiovascular System
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Blood Flow through the Human Heart
23.4 The human heart and cardiovascular system are typical of mammals |
The Cardiac Cycle
23.4 The human heart and cardiovascular system are typical of mammals |
Mechanical Events of the Cardiac Cycle
23.6 The heart contracts and relaxes rhythmically |
Conducting System of the Heart
23.7 The pacemaker sets the tempo of the heartbeat |
| Baroreceptor Reflex Control of Blood Pressure
23.9 Blood exerts pressure on vessel walls |
Chemoreceptor Reflex Control of Blood Pressure
23.9 Blood exerts pressure on vessel walls |
Measuring Blood Pressure
23.9 Blood exerts pressure on vessel walls |
Hemoglobin Breakdown
23.14 Too few or too many red blood cells can be unhealthy |
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IMMUNE SYSTEM |
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| Cells & Organs of the Immune System
Chapter 24: The Immune System |
Nonspecific Immune Defenses
Innate Defenses Against Infection |
Phagocytosis
24.1 Innate defenses against infection include the skin and mucous membranes, phagocytes cells, and antimicrobial proteins |
Nonspecific Inflammatory Response
24.2 The inflammatory response mobilizes nonspecific defense forces |
The Lymphatic System and the Blood
24.3 The lymphatic system becomes a crucial battleground during infection |
T-Cell Dependent Antigens
24.5 Lymphocytes mount a dual defense |
| Humoral Immune Response
Acquired Immunity |
The Immune Response
Acquired Immunity |
Specific Immune Defenses
Acquired Immunity |
Antigenic Determinants (Epitopes)
24.6 Antigens have specific regions where antibodies bind to them
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Humoral Immunity – The Role of B Cells
24.7 Clonal selection musters defensive forces against specific antigens |
A B-Cell Builds an Antibody
24.8 Antibodies are the weapons of humoral immunity |
| Antibodies
24.9 Antibodies mark antigens for elimination |
Pregancy Test
24.10 Monoclonal antibodies are powerful tools in the lab and clinic |
ELISA Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay
24.10 Monoclonal antibodies are powerful tools in the lab and clinic |
Monoclonal Antibody Production
24.10 Monoclonal antibodies are powerful tools in the lab and clinic |
Helper T Cells
24.11 Helper T cells stimulate humoral and cell-mediated immunity |
The Cellular Immune Response
24.13 Cytotoxic T cells destroy infected body cells |
| Cytotoxic T-cell Activity Against Target Cells
24.13 Cytotoxic T cells destroy infected body cells |
Cell-Mediated Immunity – Cytotoxic T Cells
24.13 Cytotoxic T cells destroy infected body cells |
Allergic Response
24.17 Allergies are overreactions to certain environmental antigens |
IgE Mediated Hypersensitivity
24.17 Allergies are overreactions to certain environmental antigens |
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| The Actions of Hormones on Target Cells
The Nature of Chemical Regulation |
Hormones
The Nature of Chemical Regulation |
Endocrine System Orientation
Hormones and Homeostasis |
Positive and Negative Feedback
Hormones and Homeostasis |
Lipid Soluble Hormones
26.2 Hormones affect target cells by two main signaling mechanisms |
Intracellular Receptor Model
26.2 Hormones affect target cells by two main signaling mechanisms |
| Mechanism of Action of Lipid-Soluble Messengers
26.2 Hormones affect target cells by two main signaling mechanisms |
Mechanism of Steroid Hormone Action
26.2 Hormones affect target cells by two main signaling mechanisms |
Water Soluble Hormones
26.2 Hormones affect target cells by two main signaling mechanisms |
Membrane-Bound Receptors, G Proteins, and Ca2+ Channels
26.2 Hormones affect target cells by two main signaling mechanisms |
Membrane-Bound Receptors that Activate G Proteins
26.2 Hormones affect target cells by two main signaling mechanisms |
Second Messengers – The cAMP and Ca++ Pathways
26.2 Hormones affect target cells by two main signaling mechanisms |
| Signaling via G-Protein
26.2 Hormones affect target cells by two main signaling mechanisms |
The Endocrine System
The Vertebrate Endocrine System
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Hormonal Communication
26.4 The hypothalamus, closely tied to the pituitary, connects the nervous and endocrine systems |
The Hypothalamic-Pituitary Axis | Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Endocrine Axis | Biochemistry, Secretion, & Transport of Hormones
Hormones and Homeostasis |
| Thyroid Gland Functioning
26.5 The thyroid regulates development and metabolism |
Mechanism of Thyroxine Action | Hormonal Regulation of Calcium
26.6 Hormones from the thyroid and parathyroids maintain calcium homeostasis |
Blood Sugar Regulation in Diabetics
26.8 Diabetes is a common endocrine disorder |
Respose to Stress
26.9 The adrenal glands mobilize responses to stress |
Action of Epinephrine on a Liver Cell |
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| The Nervous System
Chapter 28: The Nervous System |
Reflex Arcs
28.1 Nervous systems receive sensory input, interpret it, and send out appropriate commands |
Parts of a Neuron
28.2 Neurons are the functional units of nervous systems |
How Nerves Work
28.2 Neurons are the functional units of nervous systems |
Resting Membrane Potential
28.3 A neuron maintains a membrane potential across its membrane |
Resting Potential
28.3 A neuron maintains a membrane potential across its membrane |
| Action Potential | Voltage Gated Channels and the Action Potential
28.4 A nerve signal begins as a change in the membrane potential |
Sodium-Potassium Exchange
28.4 A nerve signal begins as a change in the membrane potential |
Action Potential Propagation in an Unmyelinated Axon
28.5 The action potential propagates itself along the neuron |
Action Potentials
28.4 A nerve signal begins as a change in the membrane potential |
The Nerve Impulse
28.3 A neuron maintains a membrane potential across its membrane |
| The Nerve Impulse
28.3 A neuron maintains a membrane potential across its membrane |
Synapse | Chemical Synapse | Membrane-Bound Receptors G Proteins and Ca2 Channels
Information Processing in the Spinal Cord 28.8 A variety of small molecules function as neurotransmitters |
Role of Sympathetic and Parasympathetic Nervous System
28.13 Opposing actions of sympathetic and parasympathetic neurons regulate the internal environment |
Circadian Rhythms
Time-Compensated Solar Compass 28.18 Several parts of the brain regulate sleep and arousal
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| Receptors of the Skin
29.3 Specialized sensory receptors detect five categories of stimuli |
The Senses: Seeing
Vision |
Near and Distant Vision
29.6 To focus, a lens changes position or shape |
Artificial Corrective Lens
29.7 Artificial lenses or surgery can correct focusing problems |
Information Processing in the Retina
29.8 Our photoreceptors are rods and cones 29.6 To focus, a lens changes position or shape
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The Senses: Hearing
Hearing and Balance |
| Skeletons
Chapter 30: Movement and Locomotion |
Bone Growth in Width
30.4 Bones are complex living organs |
Osteoporosis
30.6 Weak, brittle bones are a serious health problem, even in young people |
Muscle Structure and Contraction
Muscle Contraction and Movement |
Action Potentials and Muscle Contraction
30.10 Motor neurons stimulate muscle contraction |
Breakdown of ATP and Cross-Bridge Movement During Muscle Contraction
30.9 A muscle contracts when thin filaments slide across thick filaments |
| Myofilament Contraction | Function of a Neuromuscular Junction
30.10 Motor neurons stimulate muscle contraction |
Sarcomere Shortening | Smooth Muscle Action | Molecular Mechanisms of Muscle Contraction
30.8 Each muscle cell has its own contractile apparatus |
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ECOLOGY |
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| The Natural Setting
The Biosphere: An Introduction to Earth’s Diverse Environments |
Ecosystems
34.4 Physical and chemical factors influence life in the biosphere |
Earth Has Four Giant Convection Cells
34.6 Regional climate influences the distribution of biological communities |
Aquatic Ecosystems
Aquatic Biomes
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Biomes #1
Terrestrial Biomes |
Basics of Behavior
Behavioral Adaptations to the Environment |
| Foraging Behavior
35.12 Behavioral ecologists use cost-benefit analysis in studying foraging |
Hormonal Control of Sexual Behavior
35.13 Mating behaviors enhance reproductive success |
Social Behvaior
Social Behavior and Sociobiology |
The Cost of Defending a Territory
35.16 Territorial behavior parcels space and resources |
Population Ecology
Population Dynamics |
Animation – r and K Strategies
36.4 Idealized models help us understand population growth |
| Population Growth
36.5 Multiple factors may limit population growth |
Population Cycles
36.6 Some populations have “boom-and-bust” cycles |
Human Population Growth
The Human Population |
World Hunger | Community Ecology
Structural Features of Communities |
Symbiosis
37.6 Symbiotic relationships help structure communities
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| Succession
37.7 Disturbance is a prominent feature of most communities |
Primary Succession on a Glacial Moraine
37.7 Disturbance is a prominent feature of most communities |
Food Chains
37.9 Trophic structure is a key factor in community dynamics |
Food Webs
37.10 Food chains interconnect, forming food webs |
Ecosystem
Structural Features of Communities |
Chemical Element Cycles
Ecosystem Structure and Dynamics |
| An Idealized Energy Pyramid
Energy Flow and the Water Cycle 37.13 Energy supply limits the length of food chains |
The Sulfur Cycle
37.15 Chemicals are recycled between organic matter and abiotic reservoirs |
The Global Carbon Cycle
37.17 The carbon cycle depends on photosynthesis and respiration |
The Global Nitrogen Cycle
37.18 The nitrogen cycle relies heavily on bacteria |
The Nitrogen Cycle #1
37.18 The nitrogen cycle relies heavily on bacteria 37.18 The nitrogen cycle relies heavily on bacteriaa |
The Phosphorus Cycle
37.19 The phosphorus cycle depends on the weathering of rock |
| Conservation Biology
Conservation Biology |
Land Transformation: A City Growing Over Time
The Biodiversity Crisis: An Overview |
Habitat Fragmentation
38.3 Habitat destruction, introduced species, and overexploitation are the major threats to biodiversity |
Are Global Temperatures Rising?
38.5 Rapid global warming could alter the entire biosphere |
Climate Change Over Time | Greenhouse Effect |
