AP Biology Animations

AP Biology Animations

BIOCHEMISTRY	CELLULAR STRUCTURE CELLULAR TRANSPORT	METABOLISM	NUCLEIC ACIDS DNA TECHNOLOGY	CELL DIVISION	GENETICS
EVOLUTION	MICROORGANISMS	FUNGI	ANIMALS	PLANTS	ECOLOGY
DIGESTION	RESPIRATION	CIRCULATION	IMMUNE SYSTEM	ENDOCRINE	NERVOUS & MUSCULAR

BIOCHEMISTRY
The Chemical Basis of Life Elements, Atoms, And Molecules	Chemical Bonds Elements, Atoms, And Molecules	Periodic Table.swf Elements, Atoms, And Molecules	Elements Song 2.1 Living organisms are composed of about 25 chemical elements	The Structure of Atoms 2.4 Atoms consist of protons, neutrons, and electrons	Atomic Symbols, Atomic Numbers, and Mass Numbers 2.4 Atoms consist of protons, neutrons, and electrons
Electron Arrangement 2.4 Atoms consist of protons, neutrons, and electrons	Electron Configurations 2.6 Electron arrangement determines the chemical properties of an atom	Atomic Structure and Ionic Bonding 2.6 Electron arrangement determines the chemical properties of an atom 2.7 Ionic bonds are attractions between ions of opposite charge	Ionic Bonds 1 2.7 Ionic bonds are attractions between ions of opposite charge	Ionic Bonds 2 2.7 Ionic bonds are attractions between ions of opposite charge	Covalent Bonds 1 2.8 Covalent bonds join atoms into molecules through electron sharing
Covalent Bonds 2 2.8 Covalent bonds join atoms into molecules through electron sharing	Hydrogen Bonding Attractive Force 2.10 Hydrogen bonds are weak bonds important in the chemistry of life	A Closer Look at Water 2.10 Hydrogen bonds are weak bonds important in the chemistry of life	Structure of Water 2.10 Hydrogen bonds are weak bonds important in the chemistry of life	Water and Life Water’s Life-Supporting Properties	A Quick Look at How Ionic Compounds Dissolve 2.14 Water is the solvent of life
Molecular View of Solution Formation 2.14 Water is the solvent of life	Salt Dissolving in Water 2.14 Water is the solvent of life	Proton Exchange Between Water Molecules 2.15 The chemistry of life is sensitive to acidic and basic conditions	Water & pH 2.15 The chemistry of life is sensitive to acidic and basic conditions	Organic Molecules Introduction To Organic Compounds	Carbon Skeletons 3.1 Life’s molecular diversity is based on the properties of carbon
Isomers 3.1 Life’s molecular diversity is based on the properties of carbon	Functional Groups 1 3.2 Functional groups help determine the properties of organic compounds	Functional Groups 2 3.2 Functional groups help determine the properties of organic compounds	Macromolecules 1 Introduction To Organic Compounds	Macromolecules 2 Introduction To Organic Compounds	Biomolecules The Carbohydrates Introduction To Organic Compounds
Polymers 3.3 Cells make a huge number of large molecules from a small set of small molecules	Glucose Cyclization 3.4 Monosaccharides are the simplest carbohydrates	Disaccharides 3.5 Cells link two single sugars to form disaccharides	Polysaccharides 3.7 Polysaccharides are long chains of sugar units	Biomolecules - The Lipids 3.8 Fats are lipids that are mostly energy-storage molecules	Fats 3.8 Fats are lipids that are mostly energy-storage molecules
Amino Acid & Protein Structure Proteins	Peptide Bond Formation 3.12 Proteins are made from amino acids linked by peptide bonds	Protein Denaturation 3.13 A protein’s specific shape determines its function	Protein Denaturation 3.13 A protein’s specific shape determines its function	Heat Changes Protein Structure: Frying an Egg 3.13 A protein’s specific shape determines its function	Life Cycle of a Protein 3.13 A protein’s specific shape determines its function
Protein Structure Intro 3.14 A protein’s shape depends on four levels of structure	Protein Primary Structure 3.14 A protein’s shape depends on four levels of structure	Protein Secondary Structure 3.14 A protein’s shape depends on four levels of structure	Protein Tertiary Structure 3.14 A protein’s shape depends on four levels of structure	Protein Quarternary Structure 3.14 A protein’s shape depends on four levels of structure	Structure of Proteins 3.14 A protein’s shape depends on four levels of structure
Protein Folding Interactive 3.14 A protein’s shape depends on four levels of structure/

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CELLULAR TRANSPORT & WORK
Energy Concepts 5.1 Energy is the capacity to perform work	Enzymes and Metabolism Energy And The Cell; How Enzymes Function	How Enzymes Work 1 Energy And The Cell; How Enzymes Function	Enzyme Catalysis 1 How Enzymes Function	Enzyme-Substrate Interaction How Enzymes Function	The Purification of Hemoglobin How Enzymes Function
How Enzymes Work 2 5.6 A specific enzyme catalyzes each cellular reaction	Enzyme Action and the Hydrolysis of Sucrose 5.6 A specific enzyme catalyzes each cellular reaction	Allosteric Regulation of Enzymes 5.7 The cellular environment affects enzyme activity	A Biochemical Pathway 5.7 The cellular environment affects enzyme activity	Enzyme Catalysis 2 5.8 Enzyme inhibitors block enzyme action	Feedback Inhibition of Biochemical Pathways 5.8 Enzyme inhibitors block enzyme action
Membranes and Transport Membrane Structure And Function	Cell Membrane Membrane Structure And Function	Cellular Transport Membrane Structure And Function	Biological Membranes Membrane Structure And Function	Membrane Transport Membrane Structure And Function	Membrane Selectivity 5.10 Membranes organize the chemical activities of cells
Cell Membrane Composition 5.11 Membrane phospholipids form a bilayer 5.12 The membrane is a fluid mosaic of phospholipids and proteins	Diffusion 5.14 Passive transport is diffusion across a membrane	How Diffusion Works 5.14 Passive transport is diffusion across a membrane	Passive Transport 5.14 Passive transport is diffusion across a membrane	How Facilitated Diffusion Works 5.15 Transport proteins may facilitate diffusion across membranes	How Osmosis Works 5.16 Osmosis is the diffusion of water across a membrane
Osmosis 1 5.16 Osmosis is the diffusion of water across a membrane	Osmosis 2 5.16 Osmosis is the diffusion of water across a membrane	Plasmolysis 5.17 Water balance between cells and their surroundings is crucial to organisms	Active Transport 1 5.18 Cells expend energy for active transport	Active Transport 2 5.18 Cells expend energy for active transport	Active Transport: The Sodium-Potassium Pump 5.18 Cells expend energy for active transport
Active Transport by Group Translocation 5.18 Cells expend energy for active transport	Active Transport by Group Translocation 5.18 Cells expend energy for active transport	Antiport 5.18 Cells expend energy for active transport	ATPase 5.18 Cells expend energy for active transport	ATP-ADP Exchange 5.18 Cells expend energy for active transport	Cotransport (Symport & Antiport) 5.18 Cells expend energy for active transport
Glucose Transporter 5.18 Cells expend energy for active transport	How the Sodium Potassium Pump Works 5.18 Cells expend energy for active transport	Lactose Permease 5.18 Cells expend energy for active transport	Proton Pump 1 5.18 Cells expend energy for active transport	Proton Pump 2 5.18 Cells expend energy for active transport	Receptors Linked to a Channel Protein 5.18 Cells expend energy for active transport
Receptors Linked to a Channel Protein 5.18 Cells expend energy for active transport	Secondary Active Transport 5.18 Cells expend energy for active transport	Sodium-Potassium Exchange Pump 5.18 Cells expend energy for active transport	Symport 5.18 Cells expend energy for active transport	Uniport 5.18 Cells expend energy for active transport	Voltage-Gated Channels & the Action Potential 5.18 Cells expend energy for active transport
Endocytosis & Exocytosis 5.19 Exocytosis and endocytosis transport large molecules	Exocytosis 5.19 Exocytosis and endocytosis transport large molecules	Food Vacuoles Handle Digestion & Excretion 5.19 Exocytosis and endocytosis transport large molecules	Intro to Exocytosis and Endocytosis 5.19 Exocytosis and endocytosis transport large molecules	Phagocytosis 1 5.19 Exocytosis and endocytosis transport large molecules	Phagocytosis 2 5.19 Exocytosis and endocytosis transport large molecules
Pinocytosis 5.19 Exocytosis and endocytosis transport large molecules	Receptor-Mediated Endocytosis 5.19 Exocytosis and endocytosis transport large molecules	Biology & Biologists The Scope Of Biology	The Biological Hierarchy 1.1 Life’s levels of organization define the scope of biology	Shared Characteristic of Life 1.4 The unity of life: All forms of life have common features	Negative Feedback System 1.4 The unity of life: All forms of life have common features
Positive Feedback System 1.4 The unity of life: All forms of life have common features	Classification Schemes of Living Things 1.5 The diversity of life can be arranged into three domains	The Scientific Method 1 1.8 With hypothesis-based science, we pose and test hypotheses	The Scientific Method 2 1.8 With hypothesis-based science, we pose and test hypotheses	Model Organisms 1.9 Biology is connected to our lives in many ways

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CELLULAR STRUCTURE
Cells: The Basics Introduction To The Cell	Cellular Organization Introduction To The Cell	More About Cells Chapter 4: A Tour of Cells	Cell Size & Scale 4.2 Most cells are microscopic Cell Size	Cell Structure and Function 4.4 Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartments	Plant Cells 4.4 Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartments
Protein Secretion 4.6 Overview: Many cell organelles are connected through the endomembrane system	Endomembrane System 4.6 Overview: Many cell organelles are connected through the endomembrane system	Vesicular Budding and Fusing 4.6 Overview: Many cell organelles are connected through the endomembrane system	The Endoplasmic Reticulum & Golgi Apparatus 4.6 Overview: Many cell organelles are connected through the endomembrane system	Vesicular Maturation Model Animation 4.9 The Golgi apparatus finishes, sorts, and ships cell products	Golgi Apparatus 4.9 The Golgi apparatus finishes, sorts, and ships cell products
Cisternae Maturation Model Animation 4.9 The Golgi apparatus finishes, sorts, and ships cell products	Lysosomes 4.10 Lysosomes are digestive compartments within a cell	Lysosome Formation 4.10 Lysosomes are digestive compartments within a cell	Cytoplasmic Streaming The Cytoskeleton And Related Structures	Cilia and Flagella 4.17 Cilia and flagella move when microtubules bend	Flagella & Cilia Movement 4.17 Cilia and flagella move when microtubules bend
Flagella & Cilia Movement 4.17 Cilia and flagella move when microtubules bend	Cell Junctions Cell Surfaces And Junctions	Tight Junctions 4.18 Cell surfaces protect, support, and join cells	Desmosomes 4.18 Cell surfaces protect, support, and join cells	Gap Junction 4.18 Cell surfaces protect, support, and join cells

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METABOLISM
An Overview of Metabolism Introduction To Cellular Respiration	How the NAD+ Works 6.5 Cells tap energy from electrons “falling” from organic fuels to oxygen	Cellular Respiration Introduction To Cellular Respiration Stages Of Cellular Respiration And Fermentation	Glycolysis 1 Stages Of Cellular Respiration And Fermentation	Cellular Respiration Overview 6.6 Overview: Cellular respiration occurs in three main stages	How Glycolysis Works 6.7 Glycolysis harvests chemical energy by oxidizing glucose to pyruvate
Glycolysis 2 6.7 Glycolysis harvests chemical energy by oxidizing glucose to pyruvate	Glycolysis 3 6.7 Glycolysis harvests chemical energy by oxidizing glucose to pyruvate	Glycolysis 4 6.7 Glycolysis harvests chemical energy by oxidizing glucose to pyruvate	The TCA Cycle Stages Of Cellular Respiration And Fermentation	Citric Acid Cycle 6.8 Pyruvate is chemically groomed for the citric acid cycle 6.9 The citric acid cycle completes the oxidation of organic fuel, generating many NADH and FADH₂ molecules	Krebs Citric Acid Cycle 6.8 Pyruvate is chemically groomed for the citric acid cycle 6.9 The citric acid cycle completes the oxidation of organic fuel, generating many NADH and FADH₂ molecules
How the Krebs Cycle Works 6.8 Pyruvate is chemically groomed for the citric acid cycle 6.9 The citric acid cycle completes the oxidation of organic fuel, generating many NADH and FADH₂ molecules	Tricarboxylic Acid Cycle (Citric Acid Cycle) 6.8 Pyruvate is chemically groomed for the citric acid cycle 6.9 The citric acid cycle completes the oxidation of organic fuel, generating many NADH and FADH₂ molecules	ATP Synthesis 6.10 Most ATP production occurs by oxidative phosphorylation	Electron Transport Chain 1 6.10 Most ATP production occurs by oxidative phosphorylation	Electron Transport Chain 2 6.10 Most ATP production occurs by oxidative phosphorylation	Electron Transport: Aerobic and Anaerobic Conditions 6.10 Most ATP production occurs by oxidative phosphorylation
Electron Transport, ATP Synthesis, and Chemiosmosis 6.10 Most ATP production occurs by oxidative phosphorylation	Electron Transport System & ATP Synthesis 6.10 Most ATP production occurs by oxidative phosphorylation	Electron Transport and ATP Synthesis 6.10 Most ATP production occurs by oxidative phosphorylation	Electron Transport System and Formation of ATP 6.10 Most ATP production occurs by oxidative phosphorylation	Mitochondria/Electron Transport 6.10 Most ATP production occurs by oxidative phosphorylation	Mitochondrial Electron Transport 6.10 Most ATP production occurs by oxidative phosphorylation
Two Experiments Demonstrate the Chemiosmotic Mechanism 6.10 Most ATP production occurs by oxidative phosphorylation	Fermentation Overview 6.13 Fermentation is an anaerobic alternative to cellular respiration	Introduction to Photosynthesis Chapter 7: Photosynthesis: Using Light to Make Food	Photosynthesis An Overview Of Photosynthesis	The Light Reactions The Light Reactions: Converting Solar Energy To Chemical Energy	Light and Pigments 7.6 Visible radiation drives the light reactions
Cyclic & Noncyclic Photophosphoylation 7.7 Photosystems capture solar power 7.8 In the light reactions, electron transport chains generate ATP and NADPH	Photosynthetic Electron Transport & ATP Synthesis 7.7 Photosystems capture solar power 7.8 In the light reactions, electron transport chains generate ATP and NADPH	Light Reactions 7.7 Photosystems capture solar power 7.8 In the light reactions, electron transport chains generate ATP and NADPH	Light Reactions in Photosynthesis 7.7 Photosystems capture solar power 7.8 In the light reactions, electron transport chains generate ATP and NADPH	Photosynthesis Light Reactions 7.8 In the light reactions, electron transport chains generate ATP and NADPH	Photosynthetic Electron Transport 7.8 In the light reactions, electron transport chains generate ATP and NADPH
The Source of the Oxygen Produced by Photosynthesis 7.8 In the light reactions, electron transport chains generate ATP and NADPH	Photophosphorylation 7.9 Chemiosmosis powers ATP synthesis in the light reactions	Calvin Cycle The Calvin Cycle: Converting CO₂ To Sugars	The Calvin-Benson Cycle 7.10 ATP and NADPH power sugar synthesis in the Calvin cycle	Carbon Fixation in Photosynthesis 7.10 ATP and NADPH power sugar synthesis in the Calvin cycle	Dark Reactions/Calvin Cycle 7.10 ATP and NADPH power sugar synthesis in the Calvin cycle
How the Calvin Cycle Works 7.10 ATP and NADPH power sugar synthesis in the Calvin cycle	Tracing the Pathway of CO2 7.10 ATP and NADPH power sugar synthesis in the Calvin cycle	Cell Division 2 The Eukaryotic Cell Cycle And Mitosis

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CELLULAR DIVISION
Cell Division 1 Connections Between Cell Division And Reproduction The Eukaryotic Cell Cycle And Mitosis	The Cell Cycle & Mitosis #1 The Eukaryotic Cell Cycle And Mitosis	How the Cell Cycle Works The Eukaryotic Cell Cycle And Mitosis	Mitosis = Detailed All Stages The Eukaryotic Cell Cycle And Mitosis	Cell Cycle and Mitosis #2 8.5 The cell cycle multiplies cells - Cell Cycle and Mitosis	Mitosis Overview 8.5 The cell cycle multiplies cells
Animated Mitosis 8.6 Cell division is a continuum of dynamic changes	Mitosis 2 8.6 Cell division is a continuum of dynamic changes	Mitosis 1 8.6 Cell division is a continuum of dynamic changes 8.7 Cytokinesis differs for plant and animal cells	Mitosis & Cytokinesis 8.6 Cell division is a continuum of dynamic changes 8.7 Cytokinesis differs for plant and animal cells	Cytokinesis 1 8.7 Cytokinesis differs for plant and animal cells	Cytokinesis 2 8.7 Cytokinesis differs for plant and animal cells
Cell Proliferation Signaling Pathway 8.9 Growth factors signal the cell cycle control system	Control of the Cell Cycle 8.9 Growth factors signal the cell cycle control system	The Function of Cohesion 8.9 Growth factors signal the cell cycle control system	How Tumor Suppressor Genes Block Cell Division 8.9 Growth factors signal the cell cycle control system	Stimulation of Cell Replication 8.9 Growth factors signal the cell cycle control system	Comparison of Mitosis & Meiosis The Eukaryotic Cell Cycle And Mitosis Meiosis and Crossing Over
Mitosis and Meiosis The Eukaryotic Cell Cycle And Mitosis Meiosis and Crossing Over	How Meiosis Works Meiosis and Crossing Over	Sexual Life Cycle & Meiosis Meiosis and Crossing Over	Meiosis Overview 8.14 Meiosis reduces the chromosome number from diploid to haploid	Meiosis I 8.14 Meiosis reduces the chromosome number from diploid to haploid	Meiosis 1 8.14 Meiosis reduces the chromosome number from diploid to haploid
Meiosis II 8.14 Meiosis reduces the chromosome number from diploid to haploid	Meiosis 3 8.14 Meiosis reduces the chromosome number from diploid to haploid	Meiosis 2 8.14 Meiosis reduces the chromosome number from diploid to haploid	Stages of Meiosis 8.14 Meiosis reduces the chromosome number from diploid to haploid	Independent Assortment and Gamete Diversity 8.16 Independent orientation of chromosomes in meiosis and random fertilization lead to varied offspring	Random Orientation of Chromosomes During Meiosis 8.16 Independent orientation of chromosomes in meiosis and random fertilization lead to varied offspring
Genetic Variation 8.16 Independent orientation of chromosomes in meiosis and random fertilization lead to varied offspring 8.18 Crossing over further increases genetic variability	Genetic Variation in Meiosis 8.16 Independent orientation of chromosomes in meiosis and random fertilization lead to varied offspring 8.18 Crossing over further increases genetic variability	Unique Features of Meiosis 8.16 Independent orientation of chromosomes in meiosis and random fertilization lead to varied offspring 8.18 Crossing over further increases genetic variability	Crossing Over 8.18 Crossing over further increases genetic variability	Crossing Over 8.18 Crossing over further increases genetic variability	Meiosis with Crossing Over 8.18 Crossing over further increases genetic variability
Mistakes in Meiosis Alterations Of Chromosome Number And Structure	The Consequence of Inversion 8.23 Alterations of chromosome structure can cause birth defects and cancer

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GENETICS
Genes & Chromosomes Chapter 9: Patterns of Inheritance	Mendel's Experiments Mendel’s Laws	The Mendelian Model of Inheritance Mendel’s Laws	Independent Assortment of Alleles 9.5 The law of independent assortment is revealed by tracking two characteristics at once	Inheritance of Several Diseases Based on Genetic Mechanisms 9.9 Many inherited disorders in humans are controlled by a single gene	Alleles That Do Not Sort Independently 9.11 The relationship of genotype to phenotype is rarely simple
Virtual Fly Lab The Chromosomal Basis of Inheritance Sex Chromosomes and Sex-Linked Genes

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NUCLEIC ACIDS
DNA Replication 5 Chapter 10: Molecular Biology of the Gene	DNA Discovery & Structure The Structure of the Genetic Material	Hershey-Chase Experiment 10.1 Experiments showed that DNA is the genetic material	Hershey & Chase Experiment 10.1 Experiments showed that DNA is the genetic material	Phage T2 Replication 10.1 Experiments showed that DNA is the genetic material	Steps in the Replication of T4 Phage in E. Coli 10.1 Experiments showed that DNA is the genetic material
Virus 10.1 Experiments showed that DNA is the genetic material	From Cell to DNA 10.2 DNA and RNA are polymers of nucleotides	DNA & RNA Structure 10.2 DNA and RNA are polymers of nucleotides	DNA Anatomy 10.2 DNA and RNA are polymers of nucleotides 10.3 DNA is a double-stranded helix	DNA Double Helix 10.3 DNA is a double-stranded helix	DNA Structure 10.3 DNA is a double-stranded helix
DNA Replication 6 DNA Replication	DNA Replication Overview DNA Replication	Overview of Replication DNA Replication	Meselson & Stahl Experiment 10.4 DNA replication depends on specific base pairing	The Meselson-Stahl Experiment 10.4 DNA replication depends on specific base pairing	Prokaryotic DNA Replication 10.4 DNA replication depends on specific base pairing
Structural Basis of DNA Replication 10.4 DNA replication depends on specific base pairing	DNA Replication (E. coli) 10.5 DNA replication: A closer look	Bidirectional Replication of DNA 1 10.5 DNA replication: A closer look	Bidirectional Replication of DNA 2 10.5 DNA replication: A closer look	DNA Replication 1 10.5 DNA replication: A closer look	DNA Replication 2 10.5 DNA replication: A closer look
DNA Replication 3 10.5 DNA replication: A closer look	DNA Replication 4 10.5 DNA replication: A closer look	Origins of Replication 10.5 DNA replication: A closer look	DNA Replication Fork 1 10.5 DNA replication: A closer look	DNA Replication Fork 2 10.5 DNA replication: A closer look	Coordination of Leading and Lagging Strand Synthesis
How Nucleotides are Added in DNA Replication 10.5 DNA replication: A closer look	Leading Strand 10.5 DNA replication: A closer look	Lagging Strand 10.5 DNA replication: A closer look	Nucleotide Polymerization by DNA Polymerase 10.5 DNA replication: A closer look	Proofreading Function of DNA Polymerase 10.5 DNA replication: A closer look	Telomerase Function 10.5 DNA replication: A closer look
Direct Repair 10.5 DNA replication: A closer look	Methyl-directed Mismatch Repair 10.5 DNA replication: A closer look	Nucleotide Excision Repair 10.5 DNA replication: A closer look	DNA Replication Review DNA Replication	Overview of Eukaryotic Gene Expression The Flow of Genetic Information From DNA to RNA to Protein	Simple Gene Expression The Flow of Genetic Information From DNA to RNA to Protein
The Transcription of DNA to RNA The Flow of Genetic Information From DNA to RNA to Protein	Processing of Gene Information - Prokaryotes versus Eukaryotes 10.6 The DNA genotype is expressed as proteins, which provide the molecular basis for phenotypic traits	Deciphering the Genetic Code 10.7 Genetic information written in codons is translated into amino acid sequences 10.8 The genetic code is the Rosetta stone of life	DNA Transcription 1 10.9 Transcription produces genetic messages in the form of RNA	DNA Transcription 2 10.9 Transcription produces genetic messages in the form of RNA	mRNA Synthesis (Transcription) 10.9 Transcription produces genetic messages in the form of RNA
Stages of Transcription 10.9 Transcription produces genetic messages in the form of RNA	Transcription 2 10.9 Transcription produces genetic messages in the form of RNA	Transcription 3 10.9 Transcription produces genetic messages in the form of RNA	Overview of mRNA Processing 10.10 Eukaryotic RNA is processed before leaving the nucleus	RNA Splicing 1 10.10 Eukaryotic RNA is processed before leaving the nucleus	RNA Translation The Flow of Genetic Information From DNA to RNA to Protein
Translation 1 The Flow of Genetic Information From DNA to RNA to Protein	Translation 2 The Flow of Genetic Information From DNA to RNA to Protein	How Spliceosomes Process RNA 10.10 Eukaryotic RNA is processed before leaving the nucleus	Polyribosomes 10.12 Ribosomes build polypeptides	Polyribosomes 10.12 Ribosomes build polypeptides	Protein Synthesis 1 The Flow of Genetic Information From DNA to RNA to Protein
Translation Initiation 10.13 An initiation codon marks the start of an mRNA message	How Translation Works 10.14 Elongation adds amino acids to the polypeptide chain until a stop codon terminates translation	Protein Synthesis 2 10.14 Elongation adds amino acids to the polypeptide chain until a stop codon terminates translation	Translation Elongation 10.14 Elongation adds amino acids to the polypeptide chain until a stop codon terminates translation	Translation: Protein Synthesis 10.14 Elongation adds amino acids to the polypeptide chain until a stop codon terminates translation	Translation Termination 10.14 Elongation adds amino acids to the polypeptide chain until a stop codon terminates translation
Aminoacyl tRNA Synthetase 10.14 Elongation adds amino acids to the polypeptide chain until a stop codon terminates translation	Protein Synthesis: At the Ribosome 10.15 Review: The flow of genetic information in the cell is DNA → RNA → protein	Protein Synthesis 3 10.15 Review: The flow of genetic information in the cell is DNA → RNA → protein	Addition and Deletion Mutations 10.16 Mutations can change the meaning of genes	Changes in Chromosome Structure 10.16 Mutations can change the meaning of genes	Mutation by Base Substitution 10.16 Mutations can change the meaning of genes
Slipped-strand Mispairing 10.16 Mutations can change the meaning of genes	Thymine Dimers 10.16 Mutations can change the meaning of genes	Viral & Bacterial Genomes Microbial Genetics	Simple Viral Reproduction 10.17 Viral DNA may become part of the host chromosome	Viral Infection 10.17 Viral DNA may become part of the host chromosome	Lytic Cycle 10.17 Viral DNA may become part of the host chromosome
The Lytic Cycle 10.17 Viral DNA may become part of the host chromosome	Life Cycle of T2 Phage 10.17 Viral DNA may become part of the host chromosome	Lysogeny 10.17 Viral DNA may become part of the host chromosome	Lysogenic Cycle 10.17 Viral DNA may become part of the host chromosome	Entry of Virus into Host Cell 10.18 Many viruses cause disease in animals	Mechanism for Releasing Enveloped Viruses 10.18 Many viruses cause disease in animals
How Prions Arise 10.20 Emerging viruses threaten human health	Prion Diseases 10.20 Emerging viruses threaten human health	HIV Replication 10.21 The AIDS virus makes DNA on an RNA template	How the HIV Infection Cycle Works 10.21 The AIDS virus makes DNA on an RNA template	Replication Cycle of a Retrovirus 10.21 The AIDS virus makes DNA on an RNA template	Treatment of HIV 10.21 The AIDS virus makes DNA on an RNA template
Integration and Excision of a Plasmid 10.22 Bacteria can transfer DNA in three ways	Bacterial Transformation 1 10.22 Bacteria can transfer DNA in three ways	Bacterial Transformation 2 10.22 Bacteria can transfer DNA in three ways	DNA Transformation 1 10.22 Bacteria can transfer DNA in three ways	DNA Transformation 2 10.22 Bacteria can transfer DNA in three ways	Bacterial Conjugation 10.23 Bacterial plasmids can serve as carriers for gene transfer
Bacterial Conjugation - Transfer of a Plasmid 10.23 Bacterial plasmids can serve as carriers for gene transfer	Mechanisms of Transposition	Transposons: Shifting Segments of the Genome

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DNA TECHNOLOGY
Principles of Biotechnology Chapter 12: DNA Technology & Genomics	Early Genetic Engineering Experiment 12.1 Plasmids are used to customize bacteria: An overview	Construction of a Plasmid Vector 12.2 Enzymes are used to “cut and paste” DNA	DNA Restriction 12.2 Enzymes are used to “cut and paste” DNA	Restriction Endonucleases 12.2 Enzymes are used to “cut and paste” DNA	Restriction Enzymes 12.2 Enzymes are used to “cut and paste” DNA
Plasmid Cloning 12.3 Genes can be cloned in recombinant plasmids: A closer look	Construction of a DNA Library 12.4 Cloned genes can be stored in genomic libraries	Steps in Cloning a Gene 1 12.4 Cloned genes can be stored in genomic libraries	Steps in Cloning a Gene 2 12.4 Cloned genes can be stored in genomic libraries	cDNA 12.5 Reverse transcriptase helps make genes for cloning	DNA Testing by Allele-Specific Cleavage 12.7 DNA technology is changing the pharmaceutical industry and medicine
DNA Probe (DNA hybridization) 12.8 Nucleic acid probes identify clones carrying specific genes	FISH 12.8 Nucleic acid probes identify clones carrying specific genes	DNA Arrays 12.9 DNA microarrays test for the expression of many genes at once	DNA Chip Technology 12.9 DNA microarrays test for the expression of many genes at once	GeneChips® 12.9 DNA microarrays test for the expression of many genes at once0	Microarray 12.9 DNA microarrays test for the expression of many genes at once
Electrophoresis 12.10 Gel electrophoresis sorts DNA molecules by size	Gel Electrophoresis 1 12.10 Gel electrophoresis sorts DNA molecules by size	Gel Electrophoresis 2 12.10 Gel electrophoresis sorts DNA molecules by size	DNA Fingerprinting 12.12 DNA technology is used in courts of law	Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphisms 12.12 DNA technology is used in courts of law	Southern Blot 12.12 DNA technology is used in courts of law
How Embryonic Stem Cell Lines are Made 12.13 Gene therapy may someday help treat a variety of diseases	Human Embryonic Stem Cells 1 12.13 Gene therapy may someday help treat a variety of diseases	Human Embryonic Stem Cells 2 12.13 Gene therapy may someday help treat a variety of diseases	The Potential Use of Embryonic Stem Cells in Medicine 12.13 Gene therapy may someday help treat a variety of diseases	PCR Reactions 12.14 The PCR method is used to amplify DNA sequences	Polymerase Chain Reaction 1 12.14 The PCR method is used to amplify DNA sequences
Polymerase Chain Reaction 2 12.14 The PCR method is used to amplify DNA sequences	Polymerase Chain Reaction 3 12.14 The PCR method is used to amplify DNA sequences Polymerase Chain Reaction	Polymerase Chain Reaction 4	Cycle Sequencing 12.15 The Human Genome Project is an ambitious application of DNA technology	Early DNA Sequencing 12.15 The Human Genome Project is an ambitious application of DNA technology	Sanger Sequencing 12.15 The Human Genome Project is an ambitious application of DNA technology
Sequencing of DNA 12.15 The Human Genome Project is an ambitious application of DNA technology; Sequencing of DNA	Sequencing the Genome 12.15 The Human Genome Project is an ambitious application of DNA technology	High-Throughput Sequencing 12.15 The Human Genome Project is an ambitious application of DNA technology	Applications of Biotechnology Genetically Modified Organisms Connection	Antisense RNA Technology 12.18 Genetically modified organisms are transforming agriculture	Genes into Plants Using the Ti-plasmid 12.18 Genetically modified organisms are transforming agriculture
Cloning 101 12.18 Genetically modified organisms are transforming agriculture

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EVOLUTION
Mechanisms of Evolution 2 Chapter 13: Darwin's Theory of Evolution	Darwin in Historical Context Darwin’s Theory Of Evolution	Evolutionary Changes Video Population Genetics And The Modern Synthesis	Mechanisms of Evolution 1 Population Genetics And The Modern Synthesis	Hardy-Weinberg Conditions Animation 13.7 The gene pool of a non-evolving population remains constant over the generations	The Hardy-Weinberg Law and the Effects of Inbreeding and Natural Selection 13.7 The gene pool of a non-evolving population remains constant over the generations
Population Genetics and Evolution 13.7 The gene pool of a non-evolving population remains constant over the generations 13.8 The Hardy-Weinberg equation is useful in public health science	Simulation of Genetic Drift 13.9 In addition to natural selection, genetic drift and gene flow can contribute to evolution	Natural Selection 13.16 Natural selection can alter variation in a population in three ways	Assessing the Costs of Adaptations 13.18 Natural selection cannot fashion perfect organisms	Models of Speciation Mechanisms Of Speciation	Speciation Mechanisms Of Speciation
Speciation Models Mechanisms Of Speciation	Founder Events Lead to Allopatric Speciation 14.5 Reproductive barriers may evolve as populations diverge	Speciation by Ploidy / Adaptive Radiation in Anoles 14.7 Polyploid plants clothe and feed us 14.8 Adaptive radiation may occur in new or newly vacated habitats	Gradualism vs. Punctuated Equilibrium 14.10 The tempo of speciation can appear steady or jumpy	Macroevolution Video	Evolution of the Continents 16.1 Life began on a young Earth
Evolution of the Continents 16.1 Life began on a young Earth

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MICROORGANISMS
Pasteur's Experiment 16.2 How did life originate?	Miller-Urey Experiment 16.3 Stanley Miller’s experiments showed that organic molecules could have arisen on a lifeless Earth	Synthesis of Prebiotic Molecules in an Experimental Atmosphere 16.3 Stanley Miller’s experiments showed that organic molecules could have arisen on a lifeless Earth	Prokaryotes Prokaryotes	Bacterial Endospore Formation 16.10 Various structural features contribute to the success of prokaryotes	The Simplest Eukaryotes - Protists & Fungi Protists
Unicellular Eukaryotes Protists	Malaria: Life Cycle of Plasmodium 16.21 Alveolates have sacs beneath the plasma membrane and include dinoflagellates, apicomplexans, and ciliates

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FUNGI
The Fungi Fungi	The Fungi Kingdom - Common Characteristics of Fungi 17.15 Fungi absorb food after digesting it outside their bodies 17.16 Fungi produce spores in both asexual and sexual lifecycles	Chytridiomycetes 17.17 Fungi can be classified into five groups	The Zygomycetes 17.17 Fungi can be classified into five groups	Life Cycle & Conjugation in a Zygomycete 17.17 Fungi can be classified into five groups	The Ascomycetes 17.17 Fungi can be classified into five groups
The Basidiomycetes of the Fungi Kingdom 17.17 Fungi can be classified into five groups

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ANIMALS

An Introduction to the Animals

Animal Evolution And Diversity

Overview of Invertebrates

Animal Evolution And Diversity

Life Cycle of a Cnidarian

18.6 Cnidarians are radial animals with tentacles and stinging cells

From Invertebrates to Vertebrates

Invertebrates; Vertebrates

Life Cycle of a Frog

18.18 Amphibians were the first tetrapods–vertebrates with two pairs of limbs

Marine Iguanas

18.19 Reptiles are amniotes–tetrapods with a terrestrially adapted egg

Tortoise

18.19 Reptiles are amniotes–tetrapods with a terrestrially adapted egg

Bat Pollinating

18.21 Mammals are amniotes that have hair and produce milk

Animal Form and Function

Chapter 20: Unifying Concepts of Animal Structure & Function

Organization in Living Things

The Hierarchy of Structural Organization in An Animal

Specialized Plant and Animal Cells

20.2 Animal structure has a hierarchy

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PLANTS
Plants and Their Relatives Plant Evolution and Diversity Alternation of Generations and Plant Life Cycles	Plant Life Cycles Alternation of Generations and Plant Life Cycles	The Plant Kingdom - An Introduction Plant Evolution and Diversity	Life Cycle of a Moss 17.5 Mosses have a dominant gametophyte	Moss Life Cycle 17.5 Mosses have a dominant gametophyte	Fern Life Cycle 17.6 Ferns, like most plants, have a dominant sporophyte
Gymnosperms: Seeds in Cones 17.8 A pine tree is a sporophyte with tiny gametophytes in its cones	Life Cycle of a Conifer 17.8 A pine tree is a sporophyte with tiny gametophytes in its cones	Pine Life Cycle 17.8 A pine tree is a sporophyte with tiny gametophytes in its cones	Life Cycle of a Angiosperm 17.10 The angiosperm plant is a sporophyte with gametophytes in its flowers	Fruit - Triumph of the Angiosperms 17.11 The structure of a fruit reflects its function in seed dispersal	Section Through a Leaf 31.6 Three tissue systems make up the plant body
Cambium Growth 31.8 Secondary growth increases the girth of woody plants	Secondary Growth - The Vascular Cambium 31.8 Secondary growth increases the girth of woody plants	Plant Reproduction and Development Reproduction of Flowering Plants	Parts of a Flower 31.9 Overview: The sexual life cycle of a flowering plant	Chapter 31: Double Fertilization in Flowering Plants 31.10 The development of pollen and ovules culminates in fertilization	Plant Fertilization 31.10 The development of pollen and ovules culminates in fertilization
Plant Reproduction 31.10 The development of pollen and ovules culminates in fertilization 31.11 The ovule develops into a seed	Seed Development 31.11 The ovule develops into a seed	Fruit Development 31.12 The ovary develops into a fruit	Angiosperms: Seeds in Fruit 31.13 Seed germination continues the life cycle	Plant Nutrition Chapter 32: Plant Nutrition & Transport	Transpiration in Plants The Uptake and Transport of Plant Nutrients
Transport in Roots 32.2 The plasma membranes of root cells control solute uptake	Water Uptake 32.2 The plasma membranes of root cells control solute uptake	Cohesion Adhesion Tension Model 32.3 Transpiration pulls water up xylem vessels	Transpiration 1 32.3 Transpiration pulls water up xylem vessels 32.4 Guard cells control transpiration	Phloem Loading 32.5 Phloem transports sugars	Phloem Translocation in Summer 32.5 Phloem transports sugars
Phloem Translocation in Spring 32.5 Phloem transports sugars	The Pressure Flow Model 32.5 Phloem transports sugars	Sugar Transport in Plants 32.5 Phloem transports sugars	Nitrogen & Iron Deficiencies 32.6 Plant health depends on a complete diet of essential inorganic nutrients 32.7 You can diagnose some nutrient deficiencies in your own plants	Minerals from Soil 32.8 Fertile soil supports plant growth	Mineral Uptake 32.8 Fertile soil supports plant growth
Control Systems in Plants Chapter 33: Control Systems in Plants	Auxin Affects Cell Walls 33.3 Auxin stimulates the elongation of cells in young shoots	Tropisms 3.9 Tropisms orient plant growth toward or away from environmental stimuli	Went's Experiment 33.9 Tropisms orient plant growth toward or away from environmental stimuli	The Effect of Interrupted Days & Nights 3.10 Plants have internal clocks	Phytochrome Signaling 33.12 Phytochrome is a light detector that may help set the biological clock
Signaling between Plants & Pathogens 33.14 Defenses against herbivores and infectious microbes have evolved in plants

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DIGESTION & NUTRITION
The Digestive System Chapter 21: Nutrition & Digestion	Diet and Feeding Mechanisms Obtaining and Processing Food Nutrition	Organs of Digestion Human Digestive System	Hormones & Gastric Secretions 21.9 The stomach stores food and breaks it down with acid and enzymes	Hormones and Gastric Secretion 21.9 The stomach stores food and breaks it down with acid and enzymes	Hydrochloric Acid Production... of the Stomach 21.9 The stomach stores food and breaks it down with acid and enzymes
Three Phases of Gastric Secretion 21.9 The stomach stores food and breaks it down with acid and enzymes	Reflexes in the Colon 21.12 The large intestine reclaims water and compacts the feces	B Vitamins 21.18 A healthy diet includes 13 vitamins

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RESPIRATION
The Respiratory System Chapter 22: Gas Exchange	Airflow in Mammals 22.2 Animals exchange O₂ and CO₂ across moist body surfaces 22.5 Terrestrial vertebrates have lungs	Alveolar Pressure Changes During Inspiration and Expiration 22.9 Blood transports respiratory gases	Changes in the Partial Pressures of Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide 22.9 Blood transports respiratory gases	Gas Exchange During Respiration 22.9 Blood transports respiratory gases	Airflow in Birds 22.2 Animals exchange O₂ and CO₂ across moist body surfaces 22.5 Terrestrial vertebrates have lungs
Movement of Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide 22.9 Blood transports respiratory gases	Path of Blood: Review 22.9 Blood transports respiratory gases	Blood to Tissues 22.9 Blood transports respiratory gases	Tissues to Blood 22.9 Blood transports respiratory gases	Blood to Lungs 22.9 Blood transports respiratory gases	Lungs to Blood 22.9 Blood transports respiratory gases

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CIRCULATION

The Circulatory System #1

Chapter 23: Circulation

The Circulatory System #2

The Mammalian Cardiovascular System

Blood Flow through the Human Heart

23.4 The human heart and cardiovascular system are typical of mammals

The Cardiac Cycle

23.4 The human heart and cardiovascular system are typical of mammals

Mechanical Events of the Cardiac Cycle

23.6 The heart contracts and relaxes rhythmically

Conducting System of the Heart

23.7 The pacemaker sets the tempo of the heartbeat

Baroreceptor Reflex Control of Blood Pressure

23.9 Blood exerts pressure on vessel walls

Chemoreceptor Reflex Control of Blood Pressure

23.9 Blood exerts pressure on vessel walls

Measuring Blood Pressure

23.9 Blood exerts pressure on vessel walls
23.10 Measuring blood pressure can reveal cardiovascular problems

Hemoglobin Breakdown

23.14 Too few or too many red blood cells can be unhealthy

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IMMUNE SYSTEM
Cells & Organs of the Immune System Chapter 24: The Immune System	Nonspecific Immune Defenses Innate Defenses Against Infection	Phagocytosis 24.1 Innate defenses against infection include the skin and mucous membranes, phagocytes cells, and antimicrobial proteins	Nonspecific Inflammatory Response 24.2 The inflammatory response mobilizes nonspecific defense forces	The Lymphatic System and the Blood 24.3 The lymphatic system becomes a crucial battleground during infection	T-Cell Dependent Antigens 24.5 Lymphocytes mount a dual defense
Humoral Immune Response Acquired Immunity	The Immune Response Acquired Immunity	Specific Immune Defenses Acquired Immunity	Antigenic Determinants (Epitopes) 24.6 Antigens have specific regions where antibodies bind to them	Humoral Immunity - The Role of B Cells 24.7 Clonal selection musters defensive forces against specific antigens	A B-Cell Builds an Antibody 24.8 Antibodies are the weapons of humoral immunity
Antibodies 24.9 Antibodies mark antigens for elimination	Pregancy Test 24.10 Monoclonal antibodies are powerful tools in the lab and clinic	ELISA Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay 24.10 Monoclonal antibodies are powerful tools in the lab and clinic	Monoclonal Antibody Production 24.10 Monoclonal antibodies are powerful tools in the lab and clinic	Helper T Cells 24.11 Helper T cells stimulate humoral and cell-mediated immunity	The Cellular Immune Response 24.13 Cytotoxic T cells destroy infected body cells
Cytotoxic T-cell Activity Against Target Cells 24.13 Cytotoxic T cells destroy infected body cells	Cell-Mediated Immunity - Cytotoxic T Cells 24.13 Cytotoxic T cells destroy infected body cells 24.14 Cytotoxic T cells may help prevent cancer	Allergic Response 24.17 Allergies are overreactions to certain environmental antigens	IgE Mediated Hypersensitivity 24.17 Allergies are overreactions to certain environmental antigens

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ENDOCRINE
The Actions of Hormones on Target Cells The Nature of Chemical Regulation	Hormones The Nature of Chemical Regulation	Endocrine System Orientation Hormones and Homeostasis	Positive and Negative Feedback Hormones and Homeostasis	Lipid Soluble Hormones 26.2 Hormones affect target cells by two main signaling mechanisms	Intracellular Receptor Model 26.2 Hormones affect target cells by two main signaling mechanisms
Mechanism of Action of Lipid-Soluble Messengers 26.2 Hormones affect target cells by two main signaling mechanisms	Mechanism of Steroid Hormone Action 26.2 Hormones affect target cells by two main signaling mechanisms	Water Soluble Hormones 26.2 Hormones affect target cells by two main signaling mechanisms	Membrane-Bound Receptors, G Proteins, and Ca2+ Channels 26.2 Hormones affect target cells by two main signaling mechanisms	Membrane-Bound Receptors that Activate G Proteins 26.2 Hormones affect target cells by two main signaling mechanisms	Second Messengers - The cAMP and Ca++ Pathways 26.2 Hormones affect target cells by two main signaling mechanisms
Signaling via G-Protein 26.2 Hormones affect target cells by two main signaling mechanisms	The Endocrine System The Vertebrate Endocrine System	Hormonal Communication 26.4 The hypothalamus, closely tied to the pituitary, connects the nervous and endocrine systems	The Hypothalamic-Pituitary Axis	Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Endocrine Axis	Biochemistry, Secretion, & Transport of Hormones Hormones and Homeostasis
Thyroid Gland Functioning 26.5 The thyroid regulates development and metabolism	Mechanism of Thyroxine Action	Hormonal Regulation of Calcium 26.6 Hormones from the thyroid and parathyroids maintain calcium homeostasis	Blood Sugar Regulation in Diabetics 26.8 Diabetes is a common endocrine disorder	Respose to Stress 26.9 The adrenal glands mobilize responses to stress	Action of Epinephrine on a Liver Cell Action of Glucocorticoid Hormone

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NERVOUS & MUSCULAR
The Nervous System Nervous Systems and Sensation Chapter 28: The Nervous System	Reflex Arcs Reflex Arc 28.1 Nervous systems receive sensory input, interpret it, and send out appropriate commands	Parts of a Neuron 28.2 Neurons are the functional units of nervous systems	How Nerves Work 28.2 Neurons are the functional units of nervous systems	Resting Membrane Potential 28.3 A neuron maintains a membrane potential across its membrane	Resting Potential 28.3 A neuron maintains a membrane potential across its membrane
Action Potential The Action Potential	Voltage Gated Channels and the Action Potential 28.4 A nerve signal begins as a change in the membrane potential	Sodium-Potassium Exchange 28.4 A nerve signal begins as a change in the membrane potential	Action Potential Propagation in an Unmyelinated Axon 28.5 The action potential propagates itself along the neuron	Action Potentials 28.4 A nerve signal begins as a change in the membrane potential 28.5 The action potential propagates itself along the neuron	The Nerve Impulse 28.3 A neuron maintains a membrane potential across its membrane 28.4 A nerve signal begins as a change in the membrane potential 28.5 The action potential propagates itself along the neuron
The Nerve Impulse 28.3 A neuron maintains a membrane potential across its membrane 28.4 A nerve signal begins as a change in the membrane potential 28.5 The action potential propagates itself along the neuron	Synapse Synapse Synaptic Transmission #1 Synaptic Transmission #2	Chemical Synapse Transmission Across a Synapse Presynaptic and Postsynaptic Illustration Function of the Neuromuscular Junction	Membrane-Bound Receptors G Proteins and Ca2 Channels Information Processing in the Spinal Cord 28.8 A variety of small molecules function as neurotransmitters	Role of Sympathetic and Parasympathetic Nervous System 28.13 Opposing actions of sympathetic and parasympathetic neurons regulate the internal environment	Circadian Rhythms Time-Compensated Solar Compass 28.18 Several parts of the brain regulate sleep and arousal
Receptors of the Skin 29.3 Specialized sensory receptors detect five categories of stimuli	The Senses: Seeing Light Refraction Pupil Dilation Nearsightedness Farsightedness Vision	Near and Distant Vision How to Find Your Dominant Eye Astigmatism Astigmatism Contacts 29.6 To focus, a lens changes position or shape	Artificial Corrective Lens LASIK Surgery Microchip Retina Implant 29.7 Artificial lenses or surgery can correct focusing problems	Information Processing in the Retina 29.8 Our photoreceptors are rods and cones Visual Pathways 29.6 To focus, a lens changes position or shape 29.8 Our photoreceptors are rods and cones	The Senses: Hearing Hearing and Balance Sound Transduction Sound Transduction in the Human Ear Effect of Sound Waves on Cochlear Structures
Skeletons Chapter 30: Movement and Locomotion	Bone Growth in Width 30.4 Bones are complex living organs	Osteoporosis 30.6 Weak, brittle bones are a serious health problem, even in young people	Muscle Structure and Contraction Muscle Contraction and Movement	Action Potentials and Muscle Contraction 30.10 Motor neurons stimulate muscle contraction	Breakdown of ATP and Cross-Bridge Movement During Muscle Contraction 30.9 A muscle contracts when thin filaments slide across thick filaments
Myofilament Contraction	Function of a Neuromuscular Junction 30.10 Motor neurons stimulate muscle contraction	Sarcomere Shortening	Smooth Muscle Action	Molecular Mechanisms of Muscle Contraction 30.8 Each muscle cell has its own contractile apparatus 30.9 A muscle contracts when thin filaments slide across thick filaments 30.10 Motor neurons stimulate muscle contraction

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ECOLOGY
The Natural Setting The Biosphere: An Introduction to Earth’s Diverse Environments	Ecosystems 34.4 Physical and chemical factors influence life in the biosphere 34.5 Organisms are adapted to abiotic and biotic factors by natural selection	Earth Has Four Giant Convection Cells A Rain Shadow 34.6 Regional climate influences the distribution of biological communities	Aquatic Ecosystems Aquatic Biomes	Biomes #1 Biomes #2 Biomes #3 Terrestrial Biomes Biomes & Climate Zones Terrestrial Biomes	Basics of Behavior Behavioral Adaptations to the Environment
Foraging Behavior 35.12 Behavioral ecologists use cost-benefit analysis in studying foraging	Hormonal Control of Sexual Behavior 35.13 Mating behaviors enhance reproductive success	Social Behvaior Social Behavior and Sociobiology	The Cost of Defending a Territory 35.16 Territorial behavior parcels space and resources	Population Ecology Population Dynamics	Animation - r and K Strategies 36.4 Idealized models help us understand population growth
Population Growth 36.5 Multiple factors may limit population growth	Population Cycles Predator-Prey Interactions 36.6 Some populations have “boom-and-bust” cycles	Human Population Growth The Human Population	World Hunger	Community Ecology Structural Features of Communities	Symbiosis 37.6 Symbiotic relationships help structure communities
Succession 37.7 Disturbance is a prominent feature of most communities	Primary Succession on a Glacial Moraine Changes in Ecosystems 37.7 Disturbance is a prominent feature of most communities	Food Chains Food Chain Reaction Working on the Food Chain 37.9 Trophic structure is a key factor in community dynamics	Food Webs A Food Web Rainforest Food Web 37.10 Food chains interconnect, forming food webs	Ecosystem Ecosystems Structural Features of Communities Ecosystem Structure and Dynamics	Chemical Element Cycles Ecosystem Structure and Dynamics
An Idealized Energy Pyramid Energy Flow and the Water Cycle The Global Hydrological Cycle 37.13 Energy supply limits the length of food chains	The Sulfur Cycle Water Cycle The Water Cycle Carbon Cycle The Carbon Cycle #1 The Carbon Cycle #2 37.15 Chemicals are recycled between organic matter and abiotic reservoirs	The Global Carbon Cycle 37.17 The carbon cycle depends on photosynthesis and respiration	The Global Nitrogen Cycle Nitrogen Cycle 37.18 The nitrogen cycle relies heavily on bacteria	The Nitrogen Cycle #1 37.18 The nitrogen cycle relies heavily on bacteria The Nitrogen Cycle #2 37.18 The nitrogen cycle relies heavily on bacteriaa	The Phosphorus Cycle 37.19 The phosphorus cycle depends on the weathering of rock
Conservation Biology Conservation Biology	Land Transformation: A City Growing Over Time The Biodiversity Crisis: An Overview	Habitat Fragmentation 38.3 Habitat destruction, introduced species, and overexploitation are the major threats to biodiversity	Are Global Temperatures Rising? 38.5 Rapid global warming could alter the entire biosphere	Climate Change Over Time	Greenhouse Effect