AP Biology Animations

AP Biology Animations

BIOCHEMISTRY

Elements, Atoms, And Molecules

Elements, Atoms, And Molecules

Elements, Atoms, And Molecules

2.1 Living organisms are composed of about 25 chemical elements

2.4 Atoms consist of protons, neutrons, and electrons

2.4 Atoms consist of protons, neutrons, and electrons

2.4 Atoms consist of protons, neutrons, and electrons

2.6 Electron arrangement determines the chemical properties of an atom

2.6 Electron arrangement determines the chemical properties of an atom
2.7 Ionic bonds are attractions between ions of opposite charge

2.7 Ionic bonds are attractions between ions of opposite charge

2.7 Ionic bonds are attractions between ions of opposite charge

2.8 Covalent bonds join atoms into molecules through electron sharing

2.8 Covalent bonds join atoms into molecules through electron sharing

2.10 Hydrogen bonds are weak bonds important in the chemistry of life

2.10 Hydrogen bonds are weak bonds important in the chemistry of life

2.10 Hydrogen bonds are weak bonds important in the chemistry of life

Water’s Life-Supporting Properties

2.14 Water is the solvent of life

2.14 Water is the solvent of life

2.14 Water is the solvent of life

2.15 The chemistry of life is sensitive to acidic and basic conditions

2.15 The chemistry of life is sensitive to acidic and basic conditions

Introduction To Organic Compounds

3.1 Life’s molecular diversity is based on the properties of carbon

3.1 Life’s molecular diversity is based on the properties of carbon

3.2 Functional groups help determine the properties of organic compounds

3.2 Functional groups help determine the properties of organic compounds

Introduction To Organic Compounds

Introduction To Organic Compounds

Introduction To Organic Compounds

3.3 Cells make a huge number of large molecules from a small set of small molecules

3.4 Monosaccharides are the simplest carbohydrates

3.5 Cells link two single sugars to form disaccharides

3.7 Polysaccharides are long chains of sugar units

3.8 Fats are lipids that are mostly energy-storage molecules

3.8 Fats are lipids that are mostly energy-storage molecules

Proteins

3.12 Proteins are made from amino acids linked by peptide bonds

3.13 A protein’s specific shape determines its function

3.13 A protein’s specific shape determines its function

3.13 A protein’s specific shape determines its function

3.13 A protein’s specific shape determines its function

3.14 A protein’s shape depends on four levels of structure

3.14 A protein’s shape depends on four levels of structure

3.14 A protein’s shape depends on four levels of structure

3.14 A protein’s shape depends on four levels of structure

3.14 A protein’s shape depends on four levels of structure

3.14 A protein’s shape depends on four levels of structure

3.14 A protein’s shape depends on four levels of structure/

CELLULAR TRANSPORT & WORK

How Enzymes Work 2
5.6 A specific enzyme catalyzes each cellular reaction

Enzyme Action and the Hydrolysis of Sucrose
5.6 A specific enzyme catalyzes each cellular reaction

5.7 The cellular environment affects enzyme activity

5.8 Enzyme inhibitors block enzyme action

5.8 Enzyme inhibitors block enzyme action

Membrane Structure And Function

5.10 Membranes organize the chemical activities of cells

5.11 Membrane phospholipids form a bilayer
5.12 The membrane is a fluid mosaic of phospholipids and proteins

5.14 Passive transport is diffusion across a membrane

5.14 Passive transport is diffusion across a membrane

5.14 Passive transport is diffusion across a membrane

5.15 Transport proteins may facilitate diffusion across membranes

5.16 Osmosis is the diffusion of water across a membrane

5.16 Osmosis is the diffusion of water across a membrane

5.16 Osmosis is the diffusion of water across a membrane

5.17 Water balance between cells and their surroundings is crucial to organisms

5.18 Cells expend energy for active transport

5.18 Cells expend energy for active transport

5.18 Cells expend energy for active transport

5.18 Cells expend energy for active transport

5.18 Cells expend energy for active transport

5.18 Cells expend energy for active transport

5.18 Cells expend energy for active transport

5.18 Cells expend energy for active transport

5.18 Cells expend energy for active transport

5.18 Cells expend energy for active transport

5.18 Cells expend energy for active transport

5.18 Cells expend energy for active transport

5.18 Cells expend energy for active transport

5.18 Cells expend energy for active transport

5.18 Cells expend energy for active transport

5.18 Cells expend energy for active transport

5.18 Cells expend energy for active transport

5.18 Cells expend energy for active transport

5.18 Cells expend energy for active transport

5.18 Cells expend energy for active transport

5.18 Cells expend energy for active transport

5.19 Exocytosis and endocytosis transport large molecules

5.19 Exocytosis and endocytosis transport large molecules

5.19 Exocytosis and endocytosis transport large molecules

5.19 Exocytosis and endocytosis transport large molecules

5.19 Exocytosis and endocytosis transport large molecules

5.19 Exocytosis and endocytosis transport large molecules

5.19 Exocytosis and endocytosis transport large molecules

5.19 Exocytosis and endocytosis transport large molecules

The Scope Of Biology

1.1 Life’s levels of organization define the scope of biology

1.4 The unity of life: All forms of life have common features

1.4 The unity of life: All forms of life have common features

1.4 The unity of life: All forms of life have common features

1.5 The diversity of life can be arranged into three domains

1.8 With hypothesis-based science, we pose and test hypotheses

1.8 With hypothesis-based science, we pose and test hypotheses

1.9 Biology is connected to our lives in many ways

METABOLISM

Introduction To Cellular Respiration

6.5 Cells tap energy from electrons “falling” from organic fuels to oxygen

Introduction To Cellular Respiration
Stages Of Cellular Respiration And Fermentation

Stages Of Cellular Respiration And Fermentation

6.6 Overview: Cellular respiration occurs in three main stages

6.7 Glycolysis harvests chemical energy by oxidizing glucose to pyruvate

6.7 Glycolysis harvests chemical energy by oxidizing glucose to pyruvate

6.7 Glycolysis harvests chemical energy by oxidizing glucose to pyruvate

6.7 Glycolysis harvests chemical energy by oxidizing glucose to pyruvate

Stages Of Cellular Respiration And Fermentation

6.8 Pyruvate is chemically groomed for the citric acid cycle
6.9 The citric acid cycle completes the oxidation of organic fuel, generating many NADH and FADH2 molecules

6.8 Pyruvate is chemically groomed for the citric acid cycle
6.9 The citric acid cycle completes the oxidation of organic fuel, generating many NADH and FADH2 molecules

6.8 Pyruvate is chemically groomed for the citric acid cycle
6.9 The citric acid cycle completes the oxidation of organic fuel, generating many NADH and FADH2 molecules

6.8 Pyruvate is chemically groomed for the citric acid cycle
6.9 The citric acid cycle completes the oxidation of organic fuel, generating many NADH and FADH2 molecules 

6.10 Most ATP production occurs by oxidative phosphorylation

6.10 Most ATP production occurs by oxidative phosphorylation

6.10 Most ATP production occurs by oxidative phosphorylation

6.10 Most ATP production occurs by oxidative phosphorylation

6.10 Most ATP production occurs by oxidative phosphorylation

6.10 Most ATP production occurs by oxidative phosphorylation

6.10 Most ATP production occurs by oxidative phosphorylation

6.10 Most ATP production occurs by oxidative phosphorylation

6.10 Most ATP production occurs by oxidative phosphorylation

6.10 Most ATP production occurs by oxidative phosphorylation

6.10 Most ATP production occurs by oxidative phosphorylation

6.13 Fermentation is an anaerobic alternative to cellular respiration

Chapter 7: Photosynthesis: Using Light to Make Food

An Overview Of Photosynthesis

The Light Reactions: Converting Solar Energy To Chemical Energy

7.6 Visible radiation drives the light reactions

7.7 Photosystems capture solar power
7.8 In the light reactions, electron transport chains generate ATP and NADPH

7.7 Photosystems capture solar power
7.8 In the light reactions, electron transport chains generate ATP and NADPH

7.7 Photosystems capture solar power
7.8 In the light reactions, electron transport chains generate ATP and NADPH

7.7 Photosystems capture solar power
7.8 In the light reactions, electron transport chains generate ATP and NADPH

7.8 In the light reactions, electron transport chains generate ATP and NADPH

7.8 In the light reactions, electron transport chains generate ATP and NADPH

7.8 In the light reactions, electron transport chains generate ATP and NADPH

7.9 Chemiosmosis powers ATP synthesis in the light reactions

The Calvin Cycle: Converting CO2 To Sugars

7.10 ATP and NADPH power sugar synthesis in the Calvin cycle

7.10 ATP and NADPH power sugar synthesis in the Calvin cycle

7.10 ATP and NADPH power sugar synthesis in the Calvin cycle

7.10 ATP and NADPH power sugar synthesis in the Calvin cycle

7.10 ATP and NADPH power sugar synthesis in the Calvin cycle

The Eukaryotic Cell Cycle And Mitosis

GENETICS

Chapter 9: Patterns of Inheritance

Mendel’s Laws

Mendel’s Laws

9.5 The law of independent assortment is revealed by tracking two characteristics at once

9.9 Many inherited disorders in humans are controlled by a single gene

9.11 The relationship of genotype to phenotype is rarely simple

The Chromosomal Basis of Inheritance
Sex Chromosomes and Sex-Linked Genes

DNA TECHNOLOGY

Chapter 12: DNA Technology & Genomics

12.1 Plasmids are used to customize bacteria: An overview

12.2 Enzymes are used to “cut and paste” DNA

12.2 Enzymes are used to “cut and paste” DNA

12.2 Enzymes are used to “cut and paste” DNA

12.2 Enzymes are used to “cut and paste” DNA

12.3 Genes can be cloned in recombinant plasmids: A closer look

12.4 Cloned genes can be stored in genomic libraries

12.4 Cloned genes can be stored in genomic libraries

12.4 Cloned genes can be stored in genomic libraries

12.5 Reverse transcriptase helps make genes for cloning

12.7 DNA technology is changing the pharmaceutical industry and medicine

12.8 Nucleic acid probes identify clones carrying specific genes

12.8 Nucleic acid probes identify clones carrying specific genes

12.9 DNA microarrays test for the expression of many genes at once

12.9 DNA microarrays test for the expression of many genes at once

12.9 DNA microarrays test for the expression of many genes at once0

12.9 DNA microarrays test for the expression of many genes at once

12.10 Gel electrophoresis sorts DNA molecules by size

12.10 Gel electrophoresis sorts DNA molecules by size

12.10 Gel electrophoresis sorts DNA molecules by size

12.12 DNA technology is used in courts of law

12.12 DNA technology is used in courts of law

12.12 DNA technology is used in courts of law

12.13 Gene therapy may someday help treat a variety of diseases

12.13 Gene therapy may someday help treat a variety of diseases

12.13 Gene therapy may someday help treat a variety of diseases

12.13 Gene therapy may someday help treat a variety of diseases

12.14 The PCR method is used to amplify DNA sequences

12.14 The PCR method is used to amplify DNA sequences

12.14 The PCR method is used to amplify DNA sequences

12.14 The PCR method is used to amplify DNA sequences Polymerase Chain Reaction

12.15 The Human Genome Project is an ambitious application of DNA technology

12.15 The Human Genome Project is an ambitious application of DNA technology

12.15 The Human Genome Project is an ambitious application of DNA technology

12.15 The Human Genome Project is an ambitious application of DNA technology; Sequencing of DNA

12.15 The Human Genome Project is an ambitious application of DNA technology

12.15 The Human Genome Project is an ambitious application of DNA technology

Genetically Modified Organisms Connection

12.18 Genetically modified organisms are transforming agriculture

12.18 Genetically modified organisms are transforming agriculture

12.18 Genetically modified organisms are transforming agriculture

EVOLUTION

Chapter 13: Darwin’s Theory of Evolution

Darwin’s Theory Of Evolution

Population Genetics And The Modern Synthesis

Population Genetics And The Modern Synthesis

13.7 The gene pool of a non-evolving population remains constant over the generations

13.7 The gene pool of a non-evolving population remains constant over the generations

13.7 The gene pool of a non-evolving population remains constant over the generations
13.8 The Hardy-Weinberg equation is useful in public health science

13.9 In addition to natural selection, genetic drift and gene flow can contribute to evolution

13.16 Natural selection can alter variation in a population in three ways

13.18 Natural selection cannot fashion perfect organisms

Mechanisms Of Speciation

Mechanisms Of Speciation

Mechanisms Of Speciation

14.5 Reproductive barriers may evolve as populations diverge

14.7 Polyploid plants clothe and feed us
14.8 Adaptive radiation may occur in new or newly vacated habitats

14.10 The tempo of speciation can appear steady or jumpy

16.1 Life began on a young Earth

16.1 Life began on a young Earth

MICROORGANISMS

16.2 How did life originate?

16.3 Stanley Miller’s experiments showed that organic molecules could have arisen on a lifeless Earth

16.3 Stanley Miller’s experiments showed that organic molecules could have arisen on a lifeless Earth

Prokaryotes

16.10 Various structural features contribute to the success of prokaryotes

Protists

Protists

16.21 Alveolates have sacs beneath the plasma membrane and include dinoflagellates, apicomplexans, and ciliates

CIRCULATION

Chapter 23: Circulation

The Mammalian Cardiovascular System

23.4 The human heart and cardiovascular system are typical of mammals

23.4 The human heart and cardiovascular system are typical of mammals

23.6 The heart contracts and relaxes rhythmically

23.7 The pacemaker sets the tempo of the heartbeat

23.9 Blood exerts pressure on vessel walls

23.9 Blood exerts pressure on vessel walls

23.9 Blood exerts pressure on vessel walls
23.10 Measuring blood pressure can reveal cardiovascular problems

23.14 Too few or too many red blood cells can be unhealthy

IMMUNE SYSTEM

Chapter 24: The Immune System

Innate Defenses Against Infection

24.1 Innate defenses against infection include the skin and mucous membranes, phagocytes cells, and antimicrobial proteins

24.2 The inflammatory response mobilizes nonspecific defense forces

24.3 The lymphatic system becomes a crucial battleground during infection

24.5 Lymphocytes mount a dual defense

Acquired Immunity

Acquired Immunity

Acquired Immunity

24.6 Antigens have specific regions where antibodies bind to them

24.7 Clonal selection musters defensive forces against specific antigens

24.8 Antibodies are the weapons of humoral immunity

24.9 Antibodies mark antigens for elimination

24.10 Monoclonal antibodies are powerful tools in the lab and clinic

24.10 Monoclonal antibodies are powerful tools in the lab and clinic

24.10 Monoclonal antibodies are powerful tools in the lab and clinic

24.11 Helper T cells stimulate humoral and cell-mediated immunity

24.13 Cytotoxic T cells destroy infected body cells

24.13 Cytotoxic T cells destroy infected body cells

24.13 Cytotoxic T cells destroy infected body cells
24.14 Cytotoxic T cells may help prevent cancer

24.17 Allergies are overreactions to certain environmental antigens

24.17 Allergies are overreactions to certain environmental antigens

ENDOCRINE

The Nature of Chemical Regulation

The Nature of Chemical Regulation

Hormones and Homeostasis

Hormones and Homeostasis

26.2 Hormones affect target cells by two main signaling mechanisms

26.2 Hormones affect target cells by two main signaling mechanisms

26.2 Hormones affect target cells by two main signaling mechanisms

26.2 Hormones affect target cells by two main signaling mechanisms

26.2 Hormones affect target cells by two main signaling mechanisms

26.2 Hormones affect target cells by two main signaling mechanisms

26.2 Hormones affect target cells by two main signaling mechanisms

26.2 Hormones affect target cells by two main signaling mechanisms

26.2 Hormones affect target cells by two main signaling mechanisms

The Vertebrate Endocrine System

26.4 The hypothalamus, closely tied to the pituitary, connects the nervous and endocrine systems

Hormones and Homeostasis

26.5 The thyroid regulates development and metabolism

26.6 Hormones from the thyroid and parathyroids maintain calcium homeostasis

26.8 Diabetes is a common endocrine disorder

26.9 The adrenal glands mobilize responses to stress

Action of Glucocorticoid Hormone

NERVOUS & MUSCULAR

Nervous Systems and Sensation

Chapter 28: The Nervous System

Reflex Arc

28.1 Nervous systems receive sensory input, interpret it, and send out appropriate commands

28.2 Neurons are the functional units of nervous systems

28.2 Neurons are the functional units of nervous systems

28.3 A neuron maintains a membrane potential across its membrane

28.3 A neuron maintains a membrane potential across its membrane

The Action Potential

28.4 A nerve signal begins as a change in the membrane potential

28.4 A nerve signal begins as a change in the membrane potential

28.5 The action potential propagates itself along the neuron

28.4 A nerve signal begins as a change in the membrane potential
28.5 The action potential propagates itself along the neuron

28.3 A neuron maintains a membrane potential across its membrane
28.4 A nerve signal begins as a change in the membrane potential
28.5 The action potential propagates itself along the neuron

28.3 A neuron maintains a membrane potential across its membrane
28.4 A nerve signal begins as a change in the membrane potential
28.5 The action potential propagates itself along the neuron

Synapse

Synaptic Transmission #1

Synaptic Transmission #2

Transmission Across a Synapse

Presynaptic and Postsynaptic Illustration

Function of the Neuromuscular Junction

Information Processing in the Spinal Cord

28.8 A variety of small molecules function as neurotransmitters

28.13 Opposing actions of sympathetic and parasympathetic neurons regulate the internal environment

Time-Compensated Solar Compass

28.18 Several parts of the brain regulate sleep and arousal

29.3 Specialized sensory receptors detect five categories of stimuli

Light Refraction

Pupil Dilation

Nearsightedness

Farsightedness

Vision

How to Find Your Dominant Eye

Astigmatism

Astigmatism Contacts

29.6 To focus, a lens changes position or shape

LASIK Surgery

Microchip Retina Implant

29.7 Artificial lenses or surgery can correct focusing problems

29.8 Our photoreceptors are rods and cones

Visual Pathways

29.6 To focus, a lens changes position or shape
29.8 Our photoreceptors are rods and cones

Hearing and Balance

Sound Transduction

Sound Transduction in the Human Ear

Effect of Sound Waves on Cochlear Structures

Chapter 30: Movement and Locomotion

30.4 Bones are complex living organs

30.6 Weak, brittle bones are a serious health problem, even in young people

Muscle Contraction and Movement

30.10 Motor neurons stimulate muscle contraction

30.9 A muscle contracts when thin filaments slide across thick filaments

30.10 Motor neurons stimulate muscle contraction

30.8 Each muscle cell has its own contractile apparatus
30.9 A muscle contracts when thin filaments slide across thick filaments
30.10 Motor neurons stimulate muscle contraction