amphibian notes bI

Amphibian Evolution:

	Arose from lobe-fined ancestor called Crossopterygians
	Land plants & insects provided new food source
	Had primitive lungs & short, limb like fins for short periods on land
	Appeared during late Devonian
	Icthyostega early amphibian with 4 limbs, lungs, & a tail for swimming

Adaptations:

	Four limbs with claws on digits (toes)
	Lungs instead of gills
	Both internal & external nares (nostrils)
	Three chambered heart (two atria & one ventricle)
	Double loop blood circulation to lungs & rest of body cells

	Skin with keratin (protein) to prevent water loss
	Necks to more easily see & feed
	Most with smooth, moist skin to take in dissolved oxygen
	Some with oral glands to moisten food they eat
	Webbed toes without claws
	Ectothermic – body temperature changes with environment
	Show dormancy or torpor (state of inactivity during unfavorable environmental conditions)
	Hibernate in winter and aestivate in summer
	Aquatic larva called tadpole goes through metamorphosis to adult
	Metamorphosis controlled by hormone called thyroxine

Tadpole

	External fertilization with amplexus (male clasps back of female as sperm & eggs deposited into water)
	Eggs coated with sticky, jelly like material so they attach to objects in water & do not float away
	Eggs hatch into tadpoles in about 12 days

Eggs

• Males with vocal sacs to croak
• Digested system adapted to swallow prey whole
• Well developed muscular system

Classification:

• Anura – frogs & toads
• Urodela – salamanders & newts
• Apoda – caecilians
• Trachystoma – sirens or mud eels

Anuran Characteristics:

• Both terrestrial & freshwater species
• Tadpole with tail, gills, & two-chambered heart
• Adults without a tail, four limbs, & lungs
• Frog skin smooth & moist for cutaneous respiration, while toads is rough & warty (poison glands)

• Long hind limbs for jumping
• Long, forked tongue hinged at front of mouth

Urodela Characteristics:

• Includes salamanders & newts
• Have elongated bodies with a tail & four limbs 
• Smooth, moist skin for cutaneous respiration
• Less able to stay on dry land than anurans

Spotted Salamander

• Size from a few centimeters long to 1.5 meters
• Nocturnal when live in drier areas
• Newts are aquatic species

Red Spotted Newt

• Lay eggs in water or damp soil
• Some bear live young
• May or may not go through tadpole stage (some hatch & look like small adult)

Apodan Characteristics:

• Includes caecilians
• Tropical, burrowing, worm like amphibians
• Legless
• Small eyes & often blind
• Eat worms & other invertebrates
• Average length 30 centimeters, but can grow up to 1.3 meters
• internal fertilization
• Female bear live young

Caecilian

Trachystoma Characteristics:

• Includes mud eels or sirens
• Known as "rough mouth" amphibians
• Found in eastern U.S. & southern Europe
• Have minute forelimbs & no hindlimbs

Mud Eel or Siren

External Frog Anatomy:

• Live double life on land & water
• Powerful hind legs for jumping & swimming fold under body when at rest
• Bulging eyes to stay submerged but still see predators
• Blinking eyelids protect eyes from dust & dehydration
• Nictitating membranes clear to moisten eye & see underwater
• Internal nostrils or nares allow frog to breathe underwater
• Tympanic membranes or eardrums behind each eye transmit sound through bone called columella to inner ear
• Eustachian tubes connect mouth & middle ear to equalize pressure

• Males croak or make sound to attract females & ward off other males
• Have protective coloration from cells called chromatophores
• Granular glands secrete foul tasting or poisonous substance
• Mucus glands lubricate skin for oxygen to be dissolved & absorbed

Internal Frog Anatomy:
Skeletal System

• Nine spinal vertebrae (1 cervical in neck, 7 trunk, & 1 sacral supporting hind legs)
• Urostyle long, slim bone connecting sacral vertebrae & trunk
• No rib cage, but pectoral girdle forms shoulders & connects front legs
• Pelvic girdle connects to hind legs

Digestive System

• Tongue sticky, forked, & hinged at front of mouth so can be extended out to catch insects
• Can pull eyes inward to help swallow food
• Two, sharp, backward-pointing  vomerine teeth in roof of mouth help prevent prey from escaping
• Maxillary teeth line the edge of the upper jaw
• Alimentary canal (mouth, esophagus, stomach, small & large intestines, and cloaca) is where food is digested, absorbed & wastes eliminated
• Stomach makes gastric juices to break down food
• Pyloric sphincter muscle controls movement of food from stomach into first part of small intestine called duodenum
• Liver makes bile to digest fats; stored in gall bladder
• Pancreas makes pancreatic juice to digest food in small intestine
• Ileum is coiled mid portion of small intestine
• Mesentery is a fanlike membrane holding the intestine in place
• Wastes collect in large intestine & then move into cloaca along with eggs, sperm, & urine until they leave body through the anus

Circulatory System

• Need more oxygen to burn increased amount of food needed to live on land
• 3 chambered heart (right atrium receives deoxygenated blood from body, left atrium receives oxygenated blood from lungs, & ventricle pumps blood to lungs & rest of the body)
• Double loop blood circulation (pulmonary from heart to lungs & systemic from heart to rest of body)
• Conus arteriosus carries blood from ventricle to body cells

Respiratory System

• Tadpoles use gills to breathe
• Adult frogs breathe through lungs & moist skin (cutaneous respiration)
• Glottis is the opening into throat & lungs

Excretory System

• Carbon dioxide excreted through skin & lungs
• Kidneys filter blood & store urine in urinary bladder until leaves cloaca

Nervous System

• Olfactory lobes at base of brain detect smells
• Cerebrum behind olfactory lobes controls muscles
• Optic lobes detect sight
• Cerebellum controls balance & coordination
• Medulla oblongata controls heart rate & breathing
• Cranial nerves connect brain & spinal cord, while spinal nerves branch off the spinal cord to muscles & sensory receptors